Formal Description of Tense and Aspect with Semantic Structures

(i)We本文试图解决两个问题：为什么有些致使句隐含其结果导致子事件，而有些致使句不一定隐含其结果导致子事件;根据蕴涵的不同，为什么我们用过去时态来判断蕴涵。对于前一个问题，我们将使役动词分为三类，并对每一类使役动词的性质进行了描述。对于后一个问题，我们对时态语素-ta的功能进行了形式化的描述，提出-ta的指称时间固定为中心子事件的事件时间。然后，我们分析了-ta的功能与使役句的隐含差异之间的关系。（2）根据日语心理动词所带的-ni NP和-o NP的分布情况，将日语心理动词分为四类。通过分类，我们揭示了动词的分布与动词的体属性之间的关系。此外，我们还观察到心理动词的体移位现象，并假设词汇中存在可能的动词体词条。（iii）日语的及物动词simeru有几个意思，如“tie”、“wring”、“shut "和”close“。“我们认为simeru的多义性是由它的词汇意义和它作为其对象的名词短语的组合产生的。为了使这种组合形式化，我们对动词使用词汇概念结构，对名词使用质构结构。（iv）我们还尝试将上述观察应用到语用和教育领域：我们从时间序列的角度分析了现代日本戏剧中的幽默机制，并考察了课堂上出现的时间表达的交际空白。

(i)We attempted to solve two problems : why some causative sentences imply its resultant caused subevent while others does not necessarily ; according to the implication differences, why we judge the implication with the past tense. For the former problem, we classified causative verbs into three types and described each property. For the latter problem, we described the function of the tense morpheme -ta formally and proposed that -ta has fixed its reference time to the event time of the headed subevent. Then we showed the relationship between the function of -ta and the implication differences of causatives.(ii)We classified Japanese psych-verbs into four groups based on the distribution of -ni NP and -o NP which each psych-verb takes. With the classification, we showed the relationship between the distribution and the verbs' aspectual properties. Further, we observed the phenomenon of aspect shifts of psych-verbs and hypothesized that lexicon has the possible aspectual entries on the list of a verb.(iii)The Japanese transitive verb simeru has several meanings such as 'tie,'' wring,''shut, ' and 'close.' We claim that the polysemy of simeru is generated from the combination of its lexical meaning and a noun phrase that it takes as its object. To formalize the combination, we use Lexical Conceptual Structure for verbs and Qualia Structure for nouns.(iv)We also tried to apply our observations above to the pragmatic and educational fields : we analyzed the mechanism of humor in a modern Japanese play from the viewpoint of time sequence, and examined some communicational gaps of time expressions occurred in classrooms.