Japanese-German Comparative Basic Research on Administrative Modernization

本研究分析了日本和德国近年来出现的行政现代化的最新情况，讨论了日本的信息通信政策和银行政策，重点讨论了德国的市政合并和公务员制度改革。在日本的管制政策的两个部门中，放松管制在原则上都取得了典型的进展，但如果观察信息通信政策的详细情况，则可以看到电信政策和互联网政策之间的明显对比：在前一个部门，自1985年以来已经制定了间歇性的放松管制，现在正处于最后阶段，除了实现对非盈利地区的普遍服务和互联互通的监管。另一方面，日本的互联网世界经历了一种无管制的局面，只有通过有关部门的自我管制， ...更多信息 直到2002年《服务提供商法》颁布。这取决于互联网市场的进一步发展，是否有必要采取更多的监管措施。在银行政策领域，日本银行业在1993年和2001年两次大爆炸之后，面临着世界范围的竞争。与日本在具体政策领域的改革引人注目不同，德国正在进行市町村合并和公务员制度改革等形而上的制度现代化。1990年重新统一后新的联邦州的市政合并继续显示出采用双重模式的有效结果，即通过正式合并市镇为一体的合并模式或通过灵活的行政共同体的合作模式在一些城市。此外，基于统一标准的公务员制度现代化也很有效：联邦政府的一份正式报告对1997年《公务员制度改革法》的效果进行了评估。在此基础上，2002年实施了《工资制度结构改革法》，以更广泛地实行以业绩为导向的工资制度。德国的教授制度也没有经历过任何改革，但通过2002年《大学框架法》的根本改变，已经实现了现代化。两国行政现代化的这些具体情况显示出相当大的成果，应进一步仔细观察。少

In this research analyzed were the most recent situations of administrative modernization that have emerged in the last some years in Japan and Germany; Japanese info-communications policy and bank policy were discussed here, while the municipal consolidation and the civil service reform in Germany were focused. In both sectors of regulative policy in Japan a deregulation has been characteristically progressed in principle, but if detailed situations in the info-communications policy should be observed, then a clear contrast between the telecommunications policy and the Internet policy can be seen: in the former sector in which an intermittent deregulation has been developed since 1985 stands now in the last phase in which no other measures than the regulation of universal service for unprofitable areas and of interconnection should be realized. On the other hand the world of Internet in Japan had experienced a situation of non-regulation only through self-regulation by the concerned p … More arties until the Service Providers Law was issued 2002. It depends on a further development in the Internet market if more regulative measures should be necessary or not. In the field of bank policy Japanese banks are now confronted with a worldwide competition after the two-staged Big Bang measures of 1993 and 2001.In contrast to Japan where reforms in concrete policy fields are remarkable, in Germany such metaphysical institutional modernization as municipal consolidations and civil service reform are now being carried out: municipal consolidations in the new federal states after reunification of 1990 are continued to show effective outcomes by applying dual models, namely the amalgamation model through official consolidation of municipalities into a united one or the cooperation model through limber administrative community among some municipalities. Furthermore the modernization of civil service based on a unitary standard is also effective: the effects of the Civil Service Reform Law 1997 are evaluated in an official report of the Federal Government. Based on it, the Law for Structural Reform of Salary System was enforced 2002 to introduce a performance-oriented salary system more broadly. Also German professorship system, which had not experienced any reform, yet has been modernized through a fundamental change of the University Framework Law 2002. These concrete situations of administrative modernization in both countries showing considerable outcomes should be carefully observed further. Less