A STUDY ON HEALTH POLICY OF THE U.S. MILITARY GOVERNMENT IN POSTWAR OKINAWA, FOCUSED ON "MEDICAL SERVICE MEN"

以“医务人员”为中心的战后冲绳美国军政府卫生政策研究

• 批准号: 13672364
• 负责人: SAKIHARA Seizo
• 金额: $ 2.05万
• 依托单位: OKINAWA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY (2002-2003)University of the Ryukyus (2001)
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2001 至 2003
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-13672364/
• 关键词: POSTWAR OKINAWA; U.S. MILITARY GOVERNMENT; HEALTH POLICY; MEDICAL SERVICE MEN; ASSISTANT DOCTORS; MEDICAL CORPS; 米軍; 保険医療政策

In this study, I have examined the health policy of the military government of the United States in postwar Okinawa from 1945 to 1972, focused on "Medical Service Men". As a result of thorough investigation into regulations and documents pertaining to health and medical services of the U.S. Military Government in the Ryukyus, I found that the U.S. Military Government gave priority to military policies of the United States over protection of civilians' lives and health of native Okinawans. In particular, they paid much attention to protect military personnel from mosquito-born diseases (e.g. ; malaria, Japanese encephalitis, filariasis, dengue fever), and venereal diseases. On the other hand, U.S. Navy Government issued the Proclamation No.9, "Public Health and Sanitation", on April 1945, while sever battle between U.S forces and Japanese forces was still continued in central and southern part of Okinawa Island, to provide Okinawan people with medical care. In the first article of the P … More roclamation, it mentioned that "Physicians, dentists, pharmacists, nurses, midwives and others engaged in treatment of the sick, treatment in prevention of disease, or the dispensing of drugs who have been licensed to perform such service in the occupied territory will continue in their respective professions until further orders are issued by my Military Government", signed by CW Nimitz, Fleet Admiral, United States Navy, Commander in Chief of the Pacific Ocean Areas and Military Governor of the Islands of Nansei Shoto and Adjacent Waters. Okinawa Civil Administration named "IKANHO" in Japanese for the "others". Although U.S. Navy Government considered "others" as "Doctor's Assistant", "Physician's Assistant" or "Surgeon's Assistant", "IKANHO" was reversely translated into English as "Assistant Doctor" by Okinawa Civil Administration. This discrepancy in naming of "others" existed between US Military Government and Okinawa Civil Administration showed different conceptions of "others" and their roles expected at both sides. US Military Government had not been authorized "assistant physicians and dentists" as qualified professional men. But so-called "assistant doctors" played inevitable roles to provide the injured or sick native people during the war and immediately after the war with primary medical care. In 1951, United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands (USCAR) issued Ordinance No.43, "Abolition of Assistant Doctors" and No.42, "Abolition of Assistant Dentists". However, USCAR authorized those who had been working as "Assistant Doctors" and "Assistant Dentists" for more than three years as "Medical Service Men" and "Dental Service Men" respectively, after they had given qualified examination. Considering the achievements of these "Medical Service Men" in primary medical care at under served areas and remote islands thereafter, it may be possible to transfer the strategies to meet the shortage of medical personnel in developing countries. Less

本研究以“医务人员”为中心，考察了战后冲绳美国军政府1945 - 1972年的卫生政策。通过对琉球美国军政府有关卫生和医疗服务的法规和文件的深入调查，我发现美国军政府优先考虑美国的军事政策，而不是保护平民的生命和冲绳当地人的健康。特别是，他们非常注意保护军事人员免受蚊子传播的疾病（如疟疾，日本脑炎，丝虫病，登革热）和性病。另一方面，1945年4月，美国海军政府发布了第9号公告《公共卫生和卫生》，而美军和日军仍在冲绳中部和南部继续进行激烈的战斗，为冲绳人民提供医疗服务。在P的第一篇文章中， ...更多信息 公告中提到，“医生、牙医、药剂师、护士、助产士和其他在被占领土上从事病人治疗、疾病预防治疗或药物分发工作的人员，凡获得许可从事此种工作者，将继续从事其各自的职业，直至我国军政府发布进一步命令”，由美国海军舰队司令尼米兹海军上将签署，太平洋地区总司令兼南西诸岛及其邻近沃茨军事总督。冲绳民政厅在日语中将“其他人”命名为“IKANHO”。虽然美国海军政府将“其他人”视为“医生的助手”、“医师的助手”或“外科医生的助手”，但“IKANHO”被冲绳民政厅翻译成英文为“助理医生”。美国军政府与冲绳民政当局在“他者”命名上的差异，反映了双方对“他者”的不同理解和期待。美国军政府没有授权“助理医生和牙医”作为合格的专业人员。但是，所谓的“助理医生”在战争期间和战争结束后立即为受伤或生病的土著人民提供初级医疗保健方面发挥了不可避免的作用。1951年，美国琉球群岛民政署（UCAR）颁布了第43号法令《废除助理医生》和第42号法令《废除助理牙医》。然而，USCAR授权那些已经工作了三年以上的“助理医生”和“助理牙医”分别为“医疗服务人员”和“牙科服务人员”，在他们通过合格考试后。考虑到这些“医务人员”在服务不足地区和偏远岛屿的初级医疗保健方面取得的成就，有可能转移战略，以解决发展中国家医务人员短缺的问题。少

项目成果

Sakihara S, Todoriki H.: ""Assistant Doctors" and "Medical Service Men" in Postwar Okinawa."Okinawa International University Journal of Social Welfare and Psychology (In Japanese). 2(1). 1-26 (2004)

Sakihara S、Todoriki H.：“战后冲绳的“助理医生”和“医务人员”。”冲绳国际大学社会福利和心理学杂志（日语）。

崎原盛造, 等々力英美: "戦後沖縄における「医師助手」と医介輔制度について"沖縄国際大学人間福祉研究. 2(1). 1-26 (2004)

森三崎原、轰秀美：“关于冲绳战后的‘医师助理’和医疗救助制度”，冲绳国际大学人类福祉研究。2(1).1-26(2004)