The Political Unification and the Cultural Transfiguration of Manchu, Mongol, and Han in the Qing Period

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Kusunoki showed that 1. the Mongolian Princes' obedient sense to the Qing Emperor have been formed by 1636, 2. the incorporation of Sibe Troops into the Eight Banners during the 17th century meant the incorporation from Mongolian Princes' Banners to the Banners under the direct control of the Qing Emperor, 3. Ota Nanpo, who was a most famous novelist in the Edo Period, correctly understood that the Qing Dynasty is a political unit formed from the Manchus, the Mongols, and the Han Chinese. 4. from 1697 to 1707 Mongolian Lama Sangnan Dorji, who was a personal agent of Kangxi Emperor, stayed at Xining, and reported the secret imformation about Tibet, Jungar and Hosut Mongols to Kangxi Emperor by sending Palace Memorials written in Manchu Language.Kataoka analyzed what kind of change happened in officials' seals carved in Manchurian characters and Chinese characters through the modernization of the Qing Dynasty.Maruyama did comparative study between sacred rituals of the Evenkies and sacred rituals held by the Manchus at the Qing Court.Yamamoto analyzed how the Bannermen's property arround Nanjing City has been handled in Modern China.Matsumoto analyzed the religious policies of Hui Zong Emperor of North Song Dynasty who faced up to the northern nations.