Japan's International Relations-From Comparative Perspective

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The research showed the following.1.The Japanese International Relations (IR) has a long history since the middle of the 19^<th> century and was not lagged from other major countries.2.What may be termed the international intellectual community of IR has been long established in the 19^<th> century firstly within the major European countries spreading to the North American, Japan and other countries.3.Japan has benefited in participating in that international intellectual community. There had been some aberrations from the international intellectual community during the inter-war period but Japan was back to the community after the war.4.After the end of the Cold War, the IR in the ex-communist countries such as Russia, Vietnam and so forth has joined the international intellectual community of IR abandoning the socialist international relations.5.The international intellectual community of IR has been dominated by the United States since World War II but the European IR has been getti … More ng stronger and Japan's IR is now partially influenced by European IR in addition to American IR.6.History and area studies have an important role in the current Japanese IR as compared to the American IR (in this sense, Japanese IR is closer to European IR). This has been caused by the developmental history of Japanese IR and by the curricular system of the Japanese IR education. The Japanese IR has been created by historians and regional specialists since the end of the Second World War, while particularly in the pre-war era, international lawyers had a significant role in the Japanese IR.7.The Japanese IR has been within the realm of the international intellectual community of IR but Japan selectively adopted and modified IR from the community so that it fits the realities of Japan. For example, realism with its emphasis on military capabilities has been widely discussed in Japan but does not fit the Japanese realities after the Second World War. Japanese scholars and pundits modified it so that it fits Japanese realities as exemplified by what is termed the Yoshida doctrine.8.The future of the Japanese IR will not be to get out of the international intellectual community of IR in terms of the basic principles but to deepen IR within the international intellectual community on the basis of Japanese realties. Less