Empirical Research of Technology Transfer Process as Organizational Ecology and Inter-organizational Learning

在本研究的第一阶段，我们调查了技术转移过程的社会制度和实际情况。很明显，在大学的技术转让和大学企业中，商业头脑是稀缺的。企业管理者的能力是技术转移成功的关键，在后一阶段，本研究分为企业内技术转移和企业间技术转移两个方面进行研究。在对企业内部技术转移的研究中，以“蓝色LED诉讼案”为例，对职务发明的评价进行了实证分析。本研究从以下经营观点对实际的企业活动和市场交易进行了考察：（1）基于许可经营的实际情况的专利权的货币价值;（2）发明人自担风险创业时的创业租金;（3）企业战略的资源基础理论;（4）基于激励理论的货币报酬的效果。从以上四个方面进行分析，高等法院提出的和解金额与地方法院的判决金额相比，是非常适当的。在企业间技术转移的研究中，我们以日本企业在技术开发方面取得领先地位，但市场份额却不断下降的光盘产业为例进行了研究。如果产品架构成为模块化，源自日本的技术将迅速转移到韩国、台湾和中国。然而，即使在这种情况下，日本企业的整体技术也被封装在零件、材料和生产设备中。追赶型国家的大多数公司依赖于那些结构完整的封装零件和材料。事实证明，产品架构对公司之间的技术转移速度有很大的影响。

In the first phase of this research project, we investigated the social system and actual situation of the technology-transfer process. It became clear that business mind is scarce in the case of technology transfer from universities and in the university-based ventures. The ability of the manager in the business side is a key for a success of technology transfer.In the latter phase, the project was divided into two researches, the intra-firm technology transfer and inter-firm technology transfer. As research on the intra-firm technology transfer, "the blue LED lawsuit" was taken up as an example about the evaluation of job invention. We examined actual corporate activity and market transactions from the following management viewpoints ; (1)Monetary value of patent right based on the actual condition of licensing business ; (2)Entrepreneurial rent when the inventors start their business at their own risk ; (3)The resource based theory of a corporate strategy ; (4)The effect of the monetary reward based on motivation theory. When analyzed from the above four viewpoints, the amount of reconciliation which the High Court presented was far appropriate than the amount of money of district court judgment.As research on the inter-firm technology transfer, we focused on the case of the optical disc industry in which Japanese companies took the lead in technology development but lost market share. If product architecture becomes modular type, the technology originated in Japan will quickly transfer to South Korea, Taiwan, and China. However, even in that case, the integral know-how of Japanese companies is encapsulated into parts, materials, and the production equipments. Most of the firms in catch-up countries depend on those know-how encapsulated parts and materials whose architecture is integral. It turned out that product architecture has had strong influence against the speed of the technology transfer between companies.