The internal relation between clandestine philosophical manuscripts and theological controversies in the period of the 'Crisis of the European Mind'

本文试图探讨霍布斯的唯物主义和托兰德的径向理性主义对大陆激进启蒙运动的影响。通过对流传最广、最重要的秘密哲学手稿之一的《三个冒名顶替者论》(&lt；traite des trios imposteur&gt；or&lt；L的esprit de Spinoza&gt；)资源的研究表明，它不仅摘录自斯宾诺莎的作品，也摘录于霍布斯的《利维坦》。重建《论语》的一个结果是，我们应该重新评估霍布斯对欧洲大陆的影响：从18世纪初开始，这份秘密手稿的各种副本在欧洲广泛传播，但历史上几乎没有人关注他的影响。另一种影响表现在德霍尔巴赫的作品中，他是唯物主义无神论的隐秘的伟大宣传者。他翻译并出版了霍布斯的《人性，或政策的基本要素》。他还翻译和释义了托兰《基督教不神秘》中的理性一词，以适应他的理性思想，将其用作无神论的武器。有趣的是，托兰从约翰·洛克的《关于人类理解的随笔》中吸收了他的理性思想，并阐述了一个新的理性概念，旨在为理性神学或自然神论提供理论基础。作为激进启蒙运动的宣传者，有必要在18世纪下半叶将托兰的激进理性主义和霍布斯的唯物主义进行介绍和结合。

This study tries to address the question of the influence of Thomas Hobbes' materialism and John Toland's radial rationalism on the continental Radical Enlightenment. By exploring the resources of ‘The Treatise of the Three Impostors' (<Traite des trios imposteurs> or <L'Esprit de Spinoza>), one of the most important and circulated clandestine philosophical manuscripts the study shows that it consists of extracts not only from the works of Spinoza but also from Hobbes' ‘Leviathan'. One result of this reconstruction of ‘The Treatise' will be to suggest that we should reevaluate the impact of Hobbes on the continent : various copies of this clandestine manuscript were widely circulated in the Europe from the early 18^<th> century but little historical interest has been paid to his influence. The other influence is shown in the works of d'Holbach, a hidden great propagandist of the materialistic atheism. He translated and published Hobbes' 'The Human nature, or the Fundamental Elements of Policy'. He also translated and paraphrased <Of Reason> in Toland's ‘Christianity Not Mysterious' in order to adapt his ideas of reason for use as the arms of atheism. Interestingly enough, Toland had adopted his ideas of reason from John Lock's ‘An Essay concerning Human Understanding' and elaborated a new concept of reason which was to supply a theoretical basis to the rational theology or the deism. It was necessary for a propagandist of the Radical Enlightenment to introduce and combine Toland's radical rationalism and Hobbes' materialism in the second half of the 18^<th> century.