The internal relation between clandestine philosophical manuscripts and theological controversies in the period of the 'Crisis of the European Mind'

本研究试图探讨托马斯·霍布斯的唯物主义和约翰·托兰的径向理性主义对欧大陆激进启蒙运动的影响。通过探索《三个骗子的论述》（<Traite des trios imposteurs b>或<L' esprit de Spinoza>）的资源，这是最重要和流传的秘密哲学手稿之一，该研究表明，它不仅包括斯宾诺莎作品的摘录，还包括霍布斯的《利维坦》。重建《人性论》的一个结果是，我们应该重新评估霍布斯对欧洲大陆的影响：从18世纪初开始，这个秘密手稿的各种副本在欧洲广泛流传，但他的影响却很少受到历史的关注。另一种影响表现在霍尔巴赫的作品中，霍尔巴赫是一个隐藏的唯物无神论的伟大宣传者。他翻译并出版了霍布斯的《人性或政策的基本要素》。他还翻译和改写了托兰的《基督教不神秘》中的《论理性》，以适应他的理性思想，作为无神论的武器。有趣的是，托兰从约翰·洛克的《关于人类理解的论文》中采纳了他的理性观念，并阐述了一个新的理性概念，为理性神学或自然神论提供了理论基础。18世纪下半叶，激进启蒙运动的宣传者有必要将托兰的激进理性主义与霍布斯的唯物主义进行介绍和结合。

This study tries to address the question of the influence of Thomas Hobbes' materialism and John Toland's radial rationalism on the continental Radical Enlightenment. By exploring the resources of ‘The Treatise of the Three Impostors' (<Traite des trios imposteurs> or <L'Esprit de Spinoza>), one of the most important and circulated clandestine philosophical manuscripts the study shows that it consists of extracts not only from the works of Spinoza but also from Hobbes' ‘Leviathan'. One result of this reconstruction of ‘The Treatise' will be to suggest that we should reevaluate the impact of Hobbes on the continent : various copies of this clandestine manuscript were widely circulated in the Europe from the early 18^<th> century but little historical interest has been paid to his influence. The other influence is shown in the works of d'Holbach, a hidden great propagandist of the materialistic atheism. He translated and published Hobbes' 'The Human nature, or the Fundamental Elements of Policy'. He also translated and paraphrased <Of Reason> in Toland's ‘Christianity Not Mysterious' in order to adapt his ideas of reason for use as the arms of atheism. Interestingly enough, Toland had adopted his ideas of reason from John Lock's ‘An Essay concerning Human Understanding' and elaborated a new concept of reason which was to supply a theoretical basis to the rational theology or the deism. It was necessary for a propagandist of the Radical Enlightenment to introduce and combine Toland's radical rationalism and Hobbes' materialism in the second half of the 18^<th> century.