A Historio-Anthropological Study of Atonement and Punishment

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The phenomena of atonement and punishment have been deeply laid in the cultures and societies of the history of man.In the beginning the atonement has signified purification of a community from impunities that the illegal acts have brought about, and appeasement of the wrath of God.With permeation of intention of public authorities to maintain peace in districts the atonement has been gradually popularized and personalized especially in the European society of 8^<th> and 9^<th> century.In the towns of the late medieval and early modern ages(14^<th> to 17^<th> century.) in Germany the new atonement plays an important part in Urfehden(Pledges for renunciation of revenge) and amicable settlements of homicides and blood-feuds.