THE CATCH-UP OF EUROPEAN DOMESTIC INDUSTRIES TO ASIA 1700-1850

在棉、丝、瓷、漆器等现代有用或有品位的商品中，欧洲有自己的产品，如粗呢、黎凡特丝绸、马略卡岛和石器，以及意大利漆器。但是，当东亚的产品在17世纪大量通过海上运输时，它们在美学和实用方面远远上级欧洲产品。整个世纪，东亚产品成为北欧和西欧的审美标准。然而，到了18世纪末，欧洲制造商在质量和成本上赶上并超过了东方同行，甚至在亚洲标准上也是如此，并开始通过在世界市场上超过东亚商品而成为世界范围的商品。本文将探讨这些过程。这些商品长期以来一直在欧洲生产，但自世纪以来，欧洲制造商不仅模仿东亚同行的产品，而且以自己的方式发展这些产品，并在世纪末能够制造出质量和成本都更高的产品。并解释了欧洲工业中材料变化或替代的主要因素。

In modern useful or taste goods such as cotton, silk, porcelain, lacquer wares, etc., Europe had their own products such as fustians, Levant silks, Majorca and stone-ware, and the Italian lacquer. But it appeared, when east-Asian products were delivered in quantities by sea during the seventeenth century, they were far superior to the European products in aesthetic and practical purposes. Throughout the seventeenth century, east-Asian products became the standard of beauty and tastes in north and west Europe. However, by the end of the eighteenth century, European manufacturers caught up and outstripped the Eastern counterparts in quality and cost even in Asian standard, and began to become world-wide commodities by overtaking east-Asian goods in the world markets. This paper will explore such processes. These goods had long been produced in Europe, but since the seventeenth century the European manufacturers not only imitated the products of their east-Asian counterparts, but developed them in their own ways, and became to be able to manufacture superior ones both in their quality and cost by the end of the eighteenth century.This research examined the technical and production side of the story, and explained the main factor in the change or substitution of materials in the European industries.