Evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System: An Analysis of its Institutional and Environmental Responses

南极条约体系的演变：对其制度和环境反应的分析

• 批准号: 15330010
• 负责人: SHIBATA Akiho
• 金额: $ 4.8万
• 依托单位: Kobe University (2005-2006)Okayama University (2003-2004)
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
• 财政年份: 2003
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2003 至 2006
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15330010/
• 关键词: Antarctic Treaty; International Law; International Environmental Law; Law of International Organizations; Liability; 国際法; 国際事務局; 南極環境; NGO; 南極観光

This Study aims to clarify the nature and the process of the evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) in light of the institutional and environmental challenges it faces in the recent years.First, this study analyzed the establishment of the Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty in 2003, from the perspective of international law and the law of international organizations. Shibata has overviewed the institutional development of the ATS, while Kurokami analyzed the history of the evolution of international secretariats, within which the significance of the establishment of the AT Secretariat was examined. A detailed analysis of the negotiating history of and the legal provisions relating to the establishment of the AT Secretariat (Shibata) demonstrated that the ecretariat, from institutional point of view, was unique in nature, as negotiating states was very careful not to establish it as an international organization. Second, as regards the environmental challenges, this study examined the so-called Liability Annex (adopted in 2005) to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. This study analyzed in detail the negotiating history of the Liability Annex (Shibata) and examined its substantive content from the perspective of international environmental law (Takamura). Watanabe has also examined it from the perspective of science: its consequences for scientific activities in Antarctica.As the result of the above research, this study came to the conclusion that the ATS, while coping with the institutional and environmental challenges, did not change its fundamental nature but evolved and strengthened it, as the System incorporated the general tenets of international law developments into its adaptation process, thereby demonstrating its resilience.

这项研究旨在根据近年来所面临的制度和环境挑战，阐明南极条约系统（ATS）的发展性质和过程。首先，根据国际法和国际组织的法律，这项研究分析了2003年南极条约秘书处的建立。 Shibata概述了ATS的制度发展，而Kurokami分析了国际秘书处进化的历史，其中检查了AT秘书处建立的重要性。对与建立AT秘书处（Shibata）有关的谈判历史和法律规定的详细分析表明，从机构的角度来看，欧洲院本质上是独一无二的，因为谈判国家非常小心，不要将其确立为国际组织。其次，关于环境挑战，这项研究检查了所谓的责任附件（2005年通过）符合《南极条约》环境保护协议。这项研究详细分析了《责任附件》（Shibata）的谈判历史，并从国际环境法（Takamura）的角度研究了其实质性内容。沃特纳布还从科学的角度研究了它：它对南极的科学活动的后果。由于上述研究的结果，这项研究得出的结论是，在应对制度和环境挑战的情况下，ATS并没有改变其基本性质，但随着系统的发展并没有改变其基本性质，但该系统将其融合到了国际法律的发展中。

项目成果

国際事務局の成立とその発展

国际局的设立和发展

• 发表时间: 2003
• 期刊: 岡山大学法学会雑誌 52巻4号
• 作者: 柴田明穂;Akiho Shibata;Naozumi Kurokami;黒神直純;柴田明穂;Akiho Shibata;柴田明穂;Akiho SHIBATA;高村 ゆかり;Akiho Shibata;Akiho Shibata;Yukari Takamura;柴田明穂;高村 ゆかり;黒神直純
• 通讯作者: 黒神直純

International Law-Making Activities in the Conference of the Parties (COP)

缔约方会议 (COP) 的国际立法活动

• 发表时间: 2006
• 期刊: Yearbook of World Law 25
• 作者: 柴田明穂;Akiho Shibata
• 通讯作者: Akiho Shibata

The Creation of International Secretariats and their Evolution

国际秘书处的创建及其演变

• 发表时间: 2003
• 期刊: Okayama Law Journal 52 (4)
• 作者: 柴田明穂;Akiho Shibata;Naozumi Kurokami;黒神直純;柴田明穂;Akiho Shibata;柴田明穂;Akiho SHIBATA;高村 ゆかり;Akiho Shibata;Akiho Shibata;Yukari Takamura;柴田明穂;高村 ゆかり;黒神直純;Naozumi Kurokami
• 通讯作者: Naozumi Kurokami

Arctic and Antarctic : 100 Wonders

北极和南极：100 个奇迹

• 发表时间: 2003
• 期刊: Tokyo Shoseki Publishers
• 作者: 柴田明穂;Akiho Shibata;Naozumi Kurokami;黒神直純;柴田明穂;Akiho Shibata;柴田明穂;Akiho SHIBATA;高村 ゆかり;Akiho Shibata;Akiho Shibata;Yukari Takamura;柴田明穂;高村 ゆかり;黒神直純;Naozumi Kurokami;Katui Kaminuma
• 通讯作者: Katui Kaminuma

黒神直純: "国際事務局の成立とその発展"岡山大学法学会雑誌. 52・4. 1-45 (2003)

黑神直纯：“国际局的设立和发展”冈山大学法学会杂志 52・4（2003 年）。