Evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System: An Analysis of its Institutional and Environmental Responses

南极条约体系的演变：对其制度和环境反应的分析

• 批准号: 15330010
• 负责人: SHIBATA Akiho
• 金额: $ 4.8万
• 依托单位: Kobe University (2005-2006)Okayama University (2003-2004)
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
• 财政年份: 2003
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2003 至 2006
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15330010/
• 关键词: Antarctic Treaty; International Law; International Environmental Law; Law of International Organizations; Liability; 国際法; 国際事務局; 南極環境; NGO; 南極観光

This Study aims to clarify the nature and the process of the evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) in light of the institutional and environmental challenges it faces in the recent years.First, this study analyzed the establishment of the Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty in 2003, from the perspective of international law and the law of international organizations. Shibata has overviewed the institutional development of the ATS, while Kurokami analyzed the history of the evolution of international secretariats, within which the significance of the establishment of the AT Secretariat was examined. A detailed analysis of the negotiating history of and the legal provisions relating to the establishment of the AT Secretariat (Shibata) demonstrated that the ecretariat, from institutional point of view, was unique in nature, as negotiating states was very careful not to establish it as an international organization. Second, as regards the environmental challenges, this study examined the so-called Liability Annex (adopted in 2005) to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. This study analyzed in detail the negotiating history of the Liability Annex (Shibata) and examined its substantive content from the perspective of international environmental law (Takamura). Watanabe has also examined it from the perspective of science: its consequences for scientific activities in Antarctica.As the result of the above research, this study came to the conclusion that the ATS, while coping with the institutional and environmental challenges, did not change its fundamental nature but evolved and strengthened it, as the System incorporated the general tenets of international law developments into its adaptation process, thereby demonstrating its resilience.

本研究旨在通过对南极条约体系近年来所面临的制度和环境挑战的分析，阐明南极条约体系的性质和演变过程。首先，从国际法和国际组织法的角度，对2003年南极条约秘书处的成立进行了分析。柴田先生对ATS的体制发展进行了概述，黑上先生对国际秘书处的演变历史进行了分析，并在此基础上探讨了设立ATS秘书处的意义。对设立反倾销法庭秘书处（柴田）的谈判历史和有关法律的规定的详细分析表明，从体制的角度来看，反倾销法庭在性质上是独特的，因为谈判国非常谨慎，不将其设立为一个国际组织。第二，关于环境挑战，本研究报告审查了《南极条约环境保护议定书》的所谓责任附件（2005年通过）。本研究详细分析了责任附件（柴田）的谈判历史，并从国际环境法的角度考察了其实质内容（高村）。Watanabe也从科学的角度对此进行了研究：由于上述研究，本研究报告得出的结论是，南极条约体系在应对体制和环境挑战的同时，并没有改变其基本性质，而是不断发展和加强，因为该体系将国际法发展的一般原则纳入其适应进程，从而证明了它的韧性。

项目成果

International Law-Making Activities in the Conference of the Parties (COP)

缔约方会议 (COP) 的国际立法活动

• 发表时间: 2006
• 期刊: Yearbook of World Law 25
• 作者: 柴田明穂;Akiho Shibata
• 通讯作者: Akiho Shibata

国際事務局の成立とその発展

国际局的设立和发展

• 发表时间: 2003
• 期刊: 岡山大学法学会雑誌 52巻4号
• 作者: 柴田明穂;Akiho Shibata;Naozumi Kurokami;黒神直純;柴田明穂;Akiho Shibata;柴田明穂;Akiho SHIBATA;高村 ゆかり;Akiho Shibata;Akiho Shibata;Yukari Takamura;柴田明穂;高村 ゆかり;黒神直純
• 通讯作者: 黒神直純

The Creation of International Secretariats and their Evolution

国际秘书处的创建及其演变

• 发表时间: 2003
• 期刊: Okayama Law Journal 52 (4)
• 作者: 柴田明穂;Akiho Shibata;Naozumi Kurokami;黒神直純;柴田明穂;Akiho Shibata;柴田明穂;Akiho SHIBATA;高村 ゆかり;Akiho Shibata;Akiho Shibata;Yukari Takamura;柴田明穂;高村 ゆかり;黒神直純;Naozumi Kurokami
• 通讯作者: Naozumi Kurokami

The Antarctic Treaty System: Its Institutional Aspects

南极条约体系：其制度方面

• 发表时间: 2004
• 期刊: International Conference on the Law of the Sea and the Fishery Development in Taiwan : Conference Handbook
• 作者: 柴田明穂;Akiho Shibata;Naozumi Kurokami;黒神直純;柴田明穂;Akiho Shibata;柴田明穂;Akiho SHIBATA;高村 ゆかり;Akiho Shibata;Akiho Shibata;Yukari Takamura;柴田明穂
• 通讯作者: 柴田明穂

Arctic and Antarctic : 100 Wonders

北极和南极：100 个奇迹

• 发表时间: 2003
• 期刊: Tokyo Shoseki Publishers
• 作者: 柴田明穂;Akiho Shibata;Naozumi Kurokami;黒神直純;柴田明穂;Akiho Shibata;柴田明穂;Akiho SHIBATA;高村 ゆかり;Akiho Shibata;Akiho Shibata;Yukari Takamura;柴田明穂;高村 ゆかり;黒神直純;Naozumi Kurokami;Katui Kaminuma
• 通讯作者: Katui Kaminuma