A study of the emergence of social properties from a viewpoint of micro-macro link.

本研究的结果可以分为以下四类：首先，我们研究了我们所使用的方法的哲学和方法论意义，即计算机模拟和与人类受试者的游戏/模拟。例如，我们得出的结论是，在社会科学中的计算机模拟可以被认为是一种灵活和肥沃的方法，尽管它缺乏刚性，我们可以期待的分析方法。第二，我们进行了模拟，可以被称为“简单推理”类型。通过这种分析，我们观察到了一些假设社会情境中的群体分化、集群和“极化”等现象。第三，我们进行了进化模拟，在模拟中，代理人的策略会在后代中发生变化，以便在某些社会情境中找到均衡。这些分析表明，社会交换主体之间可能会出现“文化”，合作将通过信任环境的演变而建立，支持合作的制裁机制将自发地出现。第四，我们进行了游戏/模拟实验，以测试，例如，如果地区之间的平等得到保证，当地货币作为公共产品可以建立的想法。这些分析将为我们理解重要社会事实的出现提供有益的启示。

The outputs of this study cam be classified into the following four categories.First, we examined the philosophical and methodological meanings of the methods we utilized, that is, computer simulations and gaming/simulations with human subjects. For example, we concluded that computer simulation in the social sciences can be considered as a flexible and fertile method despite that it lacks rigidity we can expect for analytical methods.Second, we conducted simulations which can be called as ‘simple inference' type. By this line of analysis, we observed some findings such as group differentiation, clustering, and ‘polarization' in some assumed social situations.Third, we conducted evolutionary simulation, in which agents' strategies will change during the successive generations, in order to find equilibriums in some social situations. These analyses showed that there may emerge ‘cultures' among social exchange agents, that cooperation will be established through the evolution of trust-based environments, that sanctioning mechanisms to support cooperation will emerge spontaneously.Forth, we conducted gaming/simulation experiment with human subjects in order to test, for example, the idea that local currency as a public good can be established if equality between the regions is secured. These analyses will provide us useful implications for understanding the emergence of important social facts.