Why nerves are bundles of fibers? - Experimental verification to the origin of the parallel structure

为什么神经是纤维束？

• 批准号: 15370030
• 负责人: SHIMOZAWA Tateo
• 金额: $ 8.7万
• 依托单位: HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
• 财政年份: 2003
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2003 至 2005
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15370030/
• 关键词: Thermal noise; Summation average; Parallel structure; Measurement of Information; Mechanoreceptor cell; Optical measurement; Insect; Brownian motion; 光計測; コオロギ; 機械感覚器; 感覚情報

Why nerves are bundles of a large number of fibers? Is this a simple consequence of multi-cellular organization of metazoan life? This naive question will reaches, in the end, what type of selection pressure the nervous system was adaptive to or gaining a survival value in the evolution? and also what kind of constraints has been tied on the adaptation?Acquisition of information (i.e. measurement) inevitably requires dissipation of energy (entropy in accurate). Energy cost of information in cricket wind receptor cell was measured as very close to the limit of thermodynamic theory (0.7 kBT Joule/bit). Results revealed by this research are followings.1) Optical measurement of the Brownian motion of the cricket wind receptor hair revealed the validity of fluctuation-dissipation theorem in living tissue.2) Cricket sensory cell is sensitive to thermal noise and therefore operates as a very poor informational element because of low signal to noise ratio.3) The present study confirmed that the principle of summation average, i.e. reliability of mean value depends on inverse square root of sample size, is effective principle in the nervous system where cells are largely stochastic because of thermal noise.The extremely high sensitivity of living cell to thermal noise is not achieved by evolution, but this is rather constraint retroactively to the beginning of life. Spatio-temporally uneven distribution of resource and harm in living environment act as selection pressure for increase in transmission rate of information. Biological solution by living cells which are tied on the constraint of poor signal to noise ratio is the summation average by parallel transmission.

为什么神经是由大量纤维束组成的？这是后生动物多细胞组织的简单结果吗？这个天真的问题最终会涉及到，神经系统适应了什么样的选择压力，或者在进化中获得了生存价值？又有甚么限制呢？信息的获取（即测量）不可避免地需要能量的耗散（准确地说是熵）。蟋蟀风感受器细胞中信息的能量成本被测量为非常接近热力学理论的极限（0.7kBT焦耳/位）。结果表明：1）蟋蟀感受器毛的布朗运动的光学测量揭示了波动耗散定理在活体组织中的有效性; 2）蟋蟀感觉细胞对热噪声敏感，因此由于信噪比低，作为一个非常差的信息元件工作; 3）本研究证实了求和平均原理，即平均值的可靠性取决于样本量的平方根倒数，这是神经系统中的有效原理，因为神经系统中的细胞由于热噪声而具有很大的随机性，活细胞对热噪声的极高敏感性不是通过进化获得的，而是追溯到生命的开始。资源时空分布的不均匀性和生存环境的危害性是信息传输速率提高的选择压力。活细胞生物解受信噪比低的约束，采用并行传输的求和平均。

项目成果

Biological Insight into Future Technology-What Living Cells Tell Us

对未来技术的生物学洞察——活细胞告诉我们什么

• 发表时间: 2004
• 期刊: Proceedings of International Conference on Electrical Engineering 2004 Joint Conference with Asia-Pacific Conference of Transducers and Micro-Nano Technology 2004 Keynote Speech
• 作者: Schuppe H.;Araki H.;Aonuma H.;Nagayama H.;Newland PL.;Shimozawa T.
• 通讯作者: Shimozawa T.

培養心筋細胞内Ca2+振動の細胞間同期とそのメカニズムの解析

培养心肌细胞Ca2+振荡的细胞间同步及其机制分析

• 发表时间: 2004
• 期刊: 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 MBE2004-62
• 作者: 中山 由佳子;河原 剛一;青沼 仁志;山内 芳子;中島 崇行;鉢呂 健
• 通讯作者: 鉢呂 健

Thanatosis in insect I - Mechanism of the behavior (in Japanese)

昆虫的致死 I - 行为机制（日语）

• 发表时间: 2004
• 期刊: Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry Vol.21, No.2
• 作者: Nagayama T.;Kimura K.;Araki M.;Aonuma H.;Newland P.L.;Nishino H.;Nishino H.
• 通讯作者: Nishino H.

昆虫感覚細胞の熱雑音感受性と神経系の基本構造

昆虫感觉细胞的热噪声敏感性和神经系统的基本结构

• 发表时间: 2003
• 期刊: 日本機械学会流体工学部門講演会講演論文集
• 作者: Nagayama T.;Kimura K.;Araki M.;Aonuma H.;Newland P.L.;Nishino H.;Nishino H.;Nishino H.;T.Shimozawa;T.Shimozawa;H.Nishino;H.Aonuma;H.Aonuma;下澤楯夫
• 通讯作者: 下澤楯夫

Aonuma, H.: "Nitric oxide regulates the levels of cGMP accumulation in the cricket brain."Act.Biol.Hung.. 55. 1-4 (2004)

Aonuma, H.：“一氧化氮调节蟋蟀大脑中 cGMP 积累的水平。”Act.Biol.Hung.. 55. 1-4 (2004)