International Comparative Study on Dilemmatic Structure and Harmonizing Policies of the Food Recycling and the Food Safety

作为回收的先行国，德国出台了《回收法》，从而改善了食物垃圾的回收利用。通过研究发现，回收利用制度框架的形成促进了生物质资源的利用，餐厨垃圾回收转化为饲料的业务发展良好。本研究明确，在疯牛病危机和口蹄疫问题之后，餐厨垃圾和动物副产品的流动发生了动态变化。为了食品安全，动物副产品受到非常严格的控制，欧盟指令禁止使用肉骨粉作为饲料，必须将其焚烧。还禁止将含有动物蛋白的唾液和其他食物废弃物喂给牲畜。但很快就发现了将这些食物垃圾用作能源的可能性，现在这些垃圾主要流向沼气厂作为发酵原料。为了推广可再生能源，沼气厂的数量迅速增加，对高效发酵材料的需求也大大增加。本研究用生物质利用和生物质精炼的级联概念来解释这种变化，这种生物质利用的变化可以被认为是促进循环利用与食品安全需求相协调的结果。欧盟已经形成了动物副产品利用的类别模式。在该模型中，通过风险评价和风险分析，对动物副产品和包括动物蛋白在内的食物垃圾进行分类，并根据这些分类确定允许的回收方式。此外，推广可再生能源的能源政策可以为厨余垃圾的回收利用打开一扇新的大门。在这一政策下，即使回收利用进入生物质利用的较低阶段，餐厨垃圾的经济价值也没有下降太多。

The food waste recycling had been improved by the introduction of the Recycling Law in Germany as a pioneer country of recycling. Through the research it was observed that the formation of the institutional framework for recycling had promoted utilization of biomass resources and the recycling business of food waste into feed had been well growing.This study made it clear that after the BSE crisis and the foot-and-mouth disease problem the flow of food waste and animal byproducts had dynamically changed. Animal byproducts were very strictly controlled for the food safety and the utilization meat-bone-meal to feed was prohibited by the EU-directive and they had to be incinerated. It was also prohibited to feed swill and other food wastes containing animal protein on livestock. But the possibility to utilize these food wastes as an energy source was soon found and now the wastes go to mainly biogas plants as fermentation stuff. To promote renewable energy the number of biogas plant has been rapidly increasing and the demand for efficient fermentation stuff had greatly expanded.In this study this change was interpreted using the concept of cascade of biomass utilization and biomass refinery.This change of biomass utilization can be recognized as the result of harmonizing the promoting recycling with the demand for the food safety. The EU has formed the category model of animal byproduct utilization. In this model animal byproducts and food waste including animal protein were categorized by risk evaluation and risk analysis and the allowed recycling way was determined according to these categories. Moreover the energy policy to promote renewable energy can open a new gate for the food waste recycling. By this policy the economic value of food wastes has not much decreased even if the recycling went to the lower stage of biomass utilization.