Evaluation of the effects of global lightining activity on the middle/upper atmosphere and atmosphere and the ionosphere/magnetosphere

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In this research we have carried out optical and radio wave observations of lightning- induced TLEs (transient luminous events) in the middle and upper atmosphere, including sprites and elves, under international collaboration in order to clarify the generation mechanisms of TLEs and to understand their global effects both in electromagnetic and chemical point of view.1. Sensor installation and steady observation in ScandinaviaWe visited ESRANGE observatory in Kiruna, Sweden in 15 FSY and carried out maintenance/ of CCD camera, installation of ELF and VLF receivers. In 16 and 17 FSY, we visited there again and carried out the maintenance and adjustments. The continuous data acquisition have been carried out up to now successfuly.2. Extension and steady operation of world wide ELF networkIn addition to the ELF systems both at Syowa, Antarctica and Onagawa, Japan, we installed 2 more systems at Kiruna (FSY 15) and at Santa Cruz, California, USA (FSY 17). The system consisting of 4 stations is quite unique and the most useful network for lightning detection in estimating charge moment of lightning.3. Optical measurements of TLEs by FORMOSAT-2/ISUAL and data analysisTaiwanese satellite FORMOSAT-2 was launched successfully on 20 May, FSY of 16. FORMOSAT-2 carries 3 sprites/lightning optical equipments and its health is in good condition since the start of observation. The analysis shows the first global distribution of TLEs (sprites, elves) and absolute electron energy in TLE for the first time.4. Estimation of chemical effects of TLEs and lightning based on computer simulationWe carried out the computer simulations to examine the physical mechanisms and to estimate the chemical effects on the ambient atmosphere. In addition, we visited University of Bremen, Germany and discussed about comparison between the chemical measurement with satellite and ELF network data.