New Economy and Work, Family and States: A Comparative Gender Analysis of Japan, the US, UK and Germany

在这个项目中，一个以日本为中心的分析框架，而不是以欧洲为中心的模型，已经通过故意区分通过全球进程的收敛和基于路径依赖的发散。本文以“民生保障制度"而非福利国家或福利制度作为比较分析的对象，将“社会排斥”的概念整合为民生保障功能失调或功能逆转的结果。在对劳工总收入作出贡献的机构和做法中，明确包括社会经济或第三部门。劳动者社会保障体系分为市场导向型、男性养家型和工作/生活平衡型三种模式。虽然男性养家糊口的方法是最明显的情况下，在适应后工业化的僵局，日本在世纪之交有一个男性养家糊口的模式比任何其他国家更强大的LSS。在日本社会，以盈利为目的的私营企业部门具有压倒性的重要性， 关于我们 以男性为主日本的“小福利政府”将其相对薄弱的社会供给集中于向男性养家糊口者的收入转移，其职能严格限制在支持抚养子女以及确保最低水平的日常生活。越来越多的公司利用法外措施逃避社会保险计划，社会保险计划本身已成为一个巨大的排斥机制。我们对日本、德国和美国的老年人护理工作进行了实证比较研究，从组织管理和人力资源开发的角度关注“创新”护理提供者。护理工作者被概念化为需要高水平信息处理的知识工作者，被调查国家的“创新”护理提供者被发现具有这些共同特征，如广泛分享信息/知识和决策的做法，有效分配信息（风险管理），以及促进信息分享和分配的组织结构。少

In this project, an analytical framework that locates Japan at the center, instead of Euro-centric models, has been developed by deliberately distinguishing convergence through global processes and divergence based on path-dependency. We set "livelihood security systems (LSSs)", not welfare states or welfare regimes, as the subject of comparative analysis, integrate the concept of "social exclusion" as outcomes of dysfunction or reverse function of LSS. Among institutions and practices that contribute LS, social economy or the third sector is explicitly included. LSSs are classified to three models such as market-oriented, male-breadwinner and work/life balance model. While male-breadwinner approach is the clearest case of impasse in adapting to post-industrialization, Japan at the turn of the century has a LSS of male-breadwinner model stronger than any other country. Private corporate sector for profit has overwhelming gravity in Japanese society where employment performance is still … More heavily male-breadwinner oriented. Japan's "small welfare government", which concentrates its relatively thin social provisions to income transfers to male-breadwinners, is strictly constrained in its functions to support child-rearing as well as to ensure very minimum level of everyday lives. Corporations are increasingly escaping from social insurance schemes by utilizing extra-legal measures, and social insurance scheme itself has turned into a gigantic mechanism for exclusion. We have conducted a empirical comparative research of elderly care work in Japan, Germany and the US, which focused "innovative" care providers from a perspective of organizational management and human resource development. Care workers were conceptualized as knowledge workers who are required high level information processing, and "innovative" care providers of surveyed countries have been found to have those features in common such as practices of wide sharing of information/knowledge and decision-making, efficient allocation of information (risk management), and organizational structure to facilitate sharing and allocation of information. Less