The Study on the evaluation of the role of the soil biodiversity for the sustainable use of the agricultural field.

土壤生物多样性对农田可持续利用作用评价研究

• 批准号: 16380220
• 负责人: SHIMADA Jun
• 金额: $ 10.05万
• 依托单位: Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
• 财政年份: 2004
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2004 至 2006
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-16380220/
• 关键词: manure; soil organic matter; organic acid; soil microorganism; soil enzyme; soil nematode; wandered arthropod; pest control; 団粒サイズ; 土壌細菌; 糸状菌; 土壌原生動物; マクロファウナ; 減耕耘管理; 化学肥料; マンガン挙動; 根圏微生物; コモリグモ科; ハエトリグモ科; β-グルコシダーゼ; エゾカタビロオサムシ; 鱗翅目害虫

The soil food web is thought to be important for the plant growth and sustainable use of the agricultural field. We conducted the overall research on the relation of soil management practices and soil biodiversity, and on the role of biodiversity for sustainable cropping. The soil microorganisms, as the decomposer in soil, have close relations to the soil homeostasis. From such a viewpoint, we evaluated the role of soil microorganisms in the agricultural field. Our experiment demonstrated that some of the organic acids secreted from the crop root were accumulated in the soil without being resolved by microorganisms. In another experiment with microcosms, almost all added glucose was consumed by bacteria and protozoa, and discharged as CO_2. However, as for the carbon in the glucose that had been consumed by the fungi, the part was accumulated in the dead cell of the fungi. In the soil enzyme investigation, the dehydrogenase and the,-glucosidase rose by taking manure, and the phosphomonoesterase was higher in the reduced tillage systems than the conventional. We also researched the effects of soil management systems on soil fauna in cropland and rice paddy field. Tillage had the major impact on the distribution pattern of nematodes assemblage. The reaction of soil arthropods to the different soil management systems in maize or soybean field was different among the species. The influence of vegetation including weed species seemed to work strongly on the distribution of beneficial arthropods. In the rice paddy field, no-tillage increased the number of beneficial spiders (lycosid and salticid) significantly compared with conventional tillage. It turned out that some species of Lepidoptera insects could perceive predatory arthropod's secretion. The research is advanced aiming at the development of a new insect pest control method using some chemicals as a repellent for insect pest.

土壤食物网被认为是重要的植物生长和农业领域的可持续利用。对土壤管理措施与土壤生物多样性的关系以及生物多样性在可持续种植中的作用进行了全面的研究。土壤微生物作为土壤中的分解者，与土壤的动态平衡有着密切的关系。从这一观点出发，我们评价了土壤微生物在农业领域中的作用。我们的实验表明，从作物根部分泌的有机酸中有一些在土壤中积累，而不被微生物分解。在另一个实验中，几乎所有添加的葡萄糖都被细菌和原生动物消耗，并以CO_2的形式排出。然而，至于被真菌消耗的葡萄糖中的碳，这部分积累在真菌的死细胞中。在土壤酶的研究中，土壤脱氢酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶随施肥量的增加而升高，磷酸单酯酶在少耕制度下高于常规耕作制度。研究了不同土壤管理制度对农田和稻田土壤动物的影响。耕作方式对线虫群落的分布格局有较大影响。土壤节肢动物对不同土壤管理制度的反应因种而异。植被的影响，包括杂草物种似乎强烈的有益节肢动物的分布。与常规耕作相比，免耕显著增加了稻田有益蜘蛛（狼蛛和跳蛛）的数量。结果表明，部分鳞翅目昆虫能够感知捕食性节肢动物的分泌物。本研究旨在开发一种新的害虫防治方法，即利用某些化学物质作为害虫的驱避剂。

项目成果

Effect of tillage practices on spider assemblage in rice paddy fields.

耕作方式对稻田蜘蛛群落的影响

• 发表时间: 2006
• 期刊: Applied Entomology and Zoology Vol.41-No.2
• 作者: Takashi Motobayashi;Chikara Ishijima;Motonori Takagi;Mihoko Murakami;Ayame Taguchi;Kazumasa Hidaka;Yasuhisa Kunimi
• 通讯作者: Yasuhisa Kunimi