Historical Anthropology of Interracial Relationship in Colonial Oceania : Focused on Western Samoa under the New Zealand Administration

种族政策在殖民地之所以重要，是因为行政当局要分化和支配殖民地的不同居民。他们不仅是那些土著居民，而且是那些从殖民地以外移民过来的殖民者、奴隶和契约劳工。由于人手有限，行政官员往往不得不维持公共秩序。在工作场所，人们经常看到，工作组是根据种族条件组织起来的，因此，种族秩序得以维持。在西萨摩亚（现为萨摩亚独立国）的案例研究中，有两种不同的国内地位：外国人、白人或欧洲人;土著人，除萨摩亚人外，还包括附近的太平洋岛民。每一类都有自己的经济、政治和生活领域，彼此互不相通。最大的问题是如何找到中间的许多半种姓。虽然一些半种姓继承了他们父亲的国籍， ...更多信息 有些人没有继承父辈的任何东西，比如资产和说外语的能力。德国和新西兰的殖民地政府允许通过文化考试（如英语阅读测试）的混血儿登记为外国人（欧洲人）。后来，新西兰政府允许半种性人在某些条件下登记为萨摩亚人。在新西兰执政的最后几天，国内的地位并不一定与人的外表相符，也根本不与国籍挂钩。殖民地的种族等级制度往往成为后殖民社会实现独立统一国家的障碍，有时也成为后殖民国家的负面遗产。然而，西萨摩亚的情况并非如此，西萨摩亚成功地将两种不同的身份融合为一个西萨摩亚民族身份。西萨摩亚特有的下列因素可能是有效的：⑴萨摩亚人对异族通婚很慷慨，有许多不同种类的半种姓; ⑵萨摩亚人有自己的生活方式的优点，因为他们可以获得基于酋长制度和传统土地保有权的所有权; 3）西萨摩亚的独立是由萨摩亚领导人和自己的传统政治制度实现的。少

The reason why a racial policy was important in a colony is because the administration was to divide and dominate the different inhabitants in the colony. They were not only those indigenous inhabitants, but those colonists, slaves, and indentured labourers who immigrated from outside of the colony. With limited personnel, the administration officials often had to maintain the public order. In the workplace, it was often observed that the work groups were organized based on the racial terms and, thus, racial order was maintained. In the case study of Western Samoa(present Independent State of Samoa), there were two different categories of the domestic statuses : Foreigners, Whites or Europeans ; and natives, besides Samoans, included Pacific Islanders in the vicinity. Each category had its own economic, political and living domain and did not share the other's. The biggest issue was how to locate many half-castes in between. While some half-castes succeeded their fathers' nationalities … More and led European way of living, others did not succeed anything from their fathers such as assets nor ability of speaking foreign language. The colonial governments, both German and New Zealand, allowed half-castes who passed the cultural examination such as reading test of English to register as foreigners(Europeans). And later, the New Zealand Government allowed half-castes under certain conditions to register as Samoans. In the last days of New Zealand administration, the domestic statuses did not necessarily go with the appearances of people and did not go together with nationalities at all. The racial hierarchy in a colony often happened to be an obstacle for a postcolonial society to achieve an independent unified nation, or sometimes to be a negative legacy for a postcolonial state. Nevertheless, it was not with the Western Samoan case and Western Samoa was successful in uniting two different statuses into one Western Samoan national identity. Probably the following factors peculiar to Western Samoa were effective : 1) Samoans were generous for mixed marriages and there were many half-castes of various kinds ; 2) Samoans had their own merits of their way of life in that they had access to the titles based on the chief system and traditional land tenure ; 3) and the Western Samoan independence was realized by the Samoan leaders and their own traditional political system. Less