Historical Anthropology of Interracial Relationship in Colonial Oceania : Focused on Western Samoa under the New Zealand Administration

大洋洲殖民地种族关系的历史人类学:以新西兰政府统治下的西萨摩亚为中心

• 批准号: 16510191
• 负责人: YAMAMOTO Matori
• 金额: $ 2.29万
• 依托单位: Hosei University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 2004
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2004 至 2007
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-16510191/
• 关键词: Oceania; International Exchange; race; colonial administration; ethnicity; Independent State of Samoa; half-castes; native; 人種植民地統治; サモア; 白人

The reason why a racial policy was important in a colony is because the administration was to divide and dominate the different inhabitants in the colony. They were not only those indigenous inhabitants, but those colonists, slaves, and indentured labourers who immigrated from outside of the colony. With limited personnel, the administration officials often had to maintain the public order. In the workplace, it was often observed that the work groups were organized based on the racial terms and, thus, racial order was maintained. In the case study of Western Samoa(present Independent State of Samoa), there were two different categories of the domestic statuses : Foreigners, Whites or Europeans ; and natives, besides Samoans, included Pacific Islanders in the vicinity. Each category had its own economic, political and living domain and did not share the other's. The biggest issue was how to locate many half-castes in between. While some half-castes succeeded their fathers' nationalities … More and led European way of living, others did not succeed anything from their fathers such as assets nor ability of speaking foreign language. The colonial governments, both German and New Zealand, allowed half-castes who passed the cultural examination such as reading test of English to register as foreigners(Europeans). And later, the New Zealand Government allowed half-castes under certain conditions to register as Samoans. In the last days of New Zealand administration, the domestic statuses did not necessarily go with the appearances of people and did not go together with nationalities at all. The racial hierarchy in a colony often happened to be an obstacle for a postcolonial society to achieve an independent unified nation, or sometimes to be a negative legacy for a postcolonial state. Nevertheless, it was not with the Western Samoan case and Western Samoa was successful in uniting two different statuses into one Western Samoan national identity. Probably the following factors peculiar to Western Samoa were effective : 1) Samoans were generous for mixed marriages and there were many half-castes of various kinds ; 2) Samoans had their own merits of their way of life in that they had access to the titles based on the chief system and traditional land tenure ; 3) and the Western Samoan independence was realized by the Samoan leaders and their own traditional political system. Less

种族政策在殖民地很重要的原因是因为政府要划分和支配殖民地的不同居民。他们不仅是那些土著居民，还有那些从殖民地外移民过来的殖民者、奴隶和契约劳工。在人员有限的情况下，政府官员常常不得不维持公共秩序。在工作场所，人们经常注意到，工作组是根据种族条件组织起来的，因此维持着种族秩序。在对西萨摩亚（现萨摩亚独立国）的个案研究中，有两类不同的国内地位：外国人、白人或欧洲人；除了萨摩亚人，还有附近的太平洋岛民。每个类别都有自己的经济、政治和生活领域，而不共享其他类别。最大的问题是如何定位中间的半种姓。虽然一些半种姓继承了他们父亲的国籍，更多地领导着欧洲人的生活方式，但其他人没有从他们的父亲那里继承任何东西，比如资产或说外语的能力。德国和新西兰的殖民政府允许通过英语阅读考试等文化考试的混血儿登记为外国人（欧洲人）。后来，新西兰政府允许混血儿在某些条件下登记为萨摩亚人。在新西兰政府的最后日子里，国内身份与人的外表并不相符，与国籍也完全不相符。殖民地的种族等级制度往往恰好成为后殖民社会实现独立统一国家的障碍，有时也会成为后殖民国家的负面遗产。然而，西萨摩亚的情况并非如此，西萨摩亚成功地将两种不同的地位统一为一个西萨摩亚民族特征。可能西萨摩亚特有的下列因素是有效的：1)萨摩亚人对异族通婚很慷慨，有许多不同的半种姓；萨摩亚人的生活方式有其自身的优点，因为他们可以获得基于酋长制度和传统土地保有制的头衔；西萨摩亚的独立是由萨摩亚领导人和他们自己的传统政治制度实现的。少

项目成果

<特集>日本のネイティヴ人類学 序-ネイティヴ人類学の射程

<特辑>日本本土人类学简介 - 本土人类学的范围

• 发表时间: 2006
• 期刊: 文化人類学 71巻2号
• 作者: Tanaka;K.;Yokoyama;S.;Phalakhone;K.;横山 智;横山 智;Satoshi YOKOYAMA;山本 真鳥;山本 真鳥;Matori Yamamoto;山本 真鳥;山本 真鳥
• 通讯作者: 山本 真鳥

Collection of Resources on the Samoan Islands. from British Parliamentary Papers. CDr edition.

萨摩亚群岛资源收集。

• 发表时间: 2004
• 期刊: Osaka : Japan Center for Area Studies, the National Museum of Ethnology
• 作者: Tanaka;K.;Yokoyama;S.;Phalakhone;K.;横山 智;横山 智;Satoshi YOKOYAMA;山本 真鳥;山本 真鳥;Matori Yamamoto;山本 真鳥;山本 真鳥;山本 真鳥;山本 真鳥;山本 真鳥;山本 真鳥;Matori Yamamoto ed.
• 通讯作者: Matori Yamamoto ed.

京セラ文庫「英国議会資料」資料集VIIサモア諸島

京瓷文库“英国议会资料”收藏 VII 萨摩亚群岛

• 发表时间: 2004
• 作者: Matori Yamamoto;ed.;Matori Yamamoto (ed.);山本 真鳥編
• 通讯作者: 山本 真鳥編

ジェンダー研究と文化人類学

性别研究和文化人类学

• 发表时间: 2006
• 期刊: ジェンダーと社会理論(江原由美子・山崎敬編)(有斐閣)
• 作者: Tanaka;K.;Yokoyama;S.;Phalakhone;K.;横山 智;横山 智;Satoshi YOKOYAMA;山本 真鳥;山本 真鳥;Matori Yamamoto;山本 真鳥;山本 真鳥;山本 真鳥
• 通讯作者: 山本 真鳥

白人・ネイティヴ・ハーフの歴史人類学1-ドイツ植民地統治下サモアの人種政策-

白人、原住民和半人的历史人类学1-德国殖民统治下萨摩亚的种族政策-

• 发表时间: 2007
• 作者: Tanaka;K.;Yokoyama;S.;Phalakhone;K.;横山 智;横山 智;Satoshi YOKOYAMA;山本 真鳥;山本 真鳥;Matori Yamamoto;山本 真鳥;山本 真鳥;山本 真鳥;山本 真鳥;山本 真鳥;山本 真鳥;Matori Yamamoto ed.;Matori Yamamoto ed.;Matori Yamamoro;山本 真鳥;Matori Yamamoto;Matori Yamamoto;Matori Yamamto;Matori Yamamoto;山本 真鳥
• 通讯作者: 山本 真鳥