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In search of the Ainu''s trace in the Tohoku district, Honshu, Japan: skeletal morphological and genetic perspectives

在日本本州东北地区寻找阿伊努人的踪迹：骨骼形态和遗传视角

基本信息

批准号：
17370089
负责人：
DODO Yukio
金额：
$ 10.07万
依托单位：
Tohoku University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
2005
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2005 至 2007
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

Human remains ranging from the protohistoric Kofun to early modern Edo period, unearthed from the Tohoku district, northern Honshu Island of Japan, were examined in respect of skeletal morphology and genetics. Cranial nonmetric and metric analyses demonstrated geographical cline in those traits from Kyushu, through Kanto and Tohoku to Hokkaido. Such geographical cline was most remarkable among the samples of the Kofun period. Though the cline is still evident in the Edo period, it is less traceable in the present-day Japanese due to the samples being morphologically more homogeneous. These findings support the view, so-called "dual structural model" by Hanihara (1991), that the genes of immigrants from mainland East Asia came in the Kyushu district during the Yayoi period and have gradually spread throughout Japan with interbreeding with indigenous descendants from the Jomon.The early modern northern Tohoku people and Hokkaido Ainu were not effectively distinguished from one another by discriminant function analyses using cranial metric data, resulting from the findings of gradual geographical cline: Kyushuy〓Kanto〓Tohoku〓Hokkaido. The Tohoku Kofun samples used were from Miyagi and Fukushima Prefectures, not encompassing the specimens from northern Tohoku in the past referred as to "Emishi". The latter were speculated to be more akin to the Jomon-Ainu linage, considering above findings of geographical cline in cranial morphology. There is a long-standing debate about whether the ethnicity of the "Emishi" was Japanese or Ainu. We do not conclude that these people were Ainu or Japanese, but were descending side by side from the Jomon population through protohistoric and historic periods in this region.Mitochondrial DNA analysis found a haplogroup "N9b" in one of 9 specimens of the ancient Tohoku series, which shared with the Jomon people in Hokkaido and Tohoku, as well as Hokkaido Ainu.

对日本本州岛北方东北地区出土的古坟至近代江户早期的人类遗骸进行了骨骼形态学和遗传学方面的研究。颅骨非计量和计量分析表明，从九州，通过关东和东北到北海道的这些性状的地理渐变。这种地理渐变在古坟时期的样本中最为显著。虽然这种渐变群在江户时代仍然很明显，但由于样本在形态上更加均匀，因此在今天的日本人中已经不那么可追溯了。这些发现支持了Hanihara（1991）的所谓“双重结构模型”的观点，东亚大陆移民的基因在弥生时代进入九州地区，并逐渐在日本各地传播，与绳纹土著后裔杂交。使用判别函数分析，颅骨测量数据，由渐变地理渐变的发现得出：九州、关东、东北、北海道。使用的东北古坟样本来自宫城和福岛县，不包括过去称为“福岛”的东北北方样本。后者被推测为更接近于Jomon-Ainu血统，考虑到上述发现的地理渐变的头骨形态。关于“阿伊努人”的种族是日本人还是阿伊努人的争论由来已久。线粒体DNA分析在9个东北系列的标本中发现了一个单倍群“N9 b”，该标本与北海道和东北的绳纹人以及北海道阿伊努人共有。