International Comparative Research Concerning Gender and Living Costs for the Elderly

本研究是对日本和其他六个国家关于老年人生活费用收入的数据进行比较分析。日本的数据基于一桥大学经济研究所社会科学信息与统计研究中心提供的一套匿名处理的微数据——全国家庭收入和支出调查。这六个国家的数据是由卢森堡收入研究（LIS）收集的，重点是德国、意大利、英国、丹麦、美国和台湾。分析了以下三个项目。首先是老年人口的家庭结构。二是穷人和非穷人的收入结构。第三是估计的收入相对贫困率。下一段概述了第二和第三项的分析结果。第一，除台湾外，6个国家的非贫困单身老人家庭和已婚老人家庭存在多重收入问题。收入来源按主要收入来源的组合可分为四类。在除台湾以外的六个国家的贫困老年家庭中，社会保险福利（公共养老金）占总收入来源的80-90%。其次，在1989 - 2004年的15年间，日本非贫困单身老人家庭和已婚老人家庭的收入结构从美式的就业+养老模式转变为德意式的以社会保险为中心的模式。然而，值得注意的是，日本非贫困的单身老年女性在市场收入中所占的比例高于同龄男性。这表明，日本老年女性需要比男性继续工作更长时间，才能维持非贫困的生活水平。第三，日本所有老年人的相对贫困率为14.5%，这意味着每七个老年人中就有一个相对贫困。这意味着日本在7个国家中排名第四。日本高龄单身女性的相对贫困率为36.7%，仅次于台湾（62.6%）和美国（45.7%）。少

This study is a comparative analysis of data in Japan and six other countries with regard to income for living expenses of the elderly. The Japanese data is based on the National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure, a set of anonymously- processed microdata provided by the Research Center for Information and Statistics of Social Science, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University. The data on the six countries was collected by the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) with a focus on Germany, Italy, the UK, Denmark, the U.S. and Taiwan.The following three items were analyzed. The first is household patterns of the elderly population. The second is the income configurations of the poor and non-poor. The third is the estimated relative poverty rate in income. The following paragraph outlines the analysis results of the second and third items.First, non-poor single elderly household and elderly married couple households in six countries except for Taiwan have multiple income sour … More ces. The sources are categorized into four groups by combination of main income sources. In the case of poor elderly households in the same six countries excluding Taiwan, social insurance benefits (public pension) make up 80-90% of the total income sources. Second, the income configuration of non-poor single elderly households and elderly married couple households in Japan changed from the American-style employment-plus-pension model to the German- and Italian- style social insurance-centered model in the fifteen years from 1989 to 2004. It is notable, however, that non-poor single elderly women in Japan have a higher percentage of market income than their male counterparts. This suggests that elderly Japanese women need to continue working longer than men to maintain their non-poor standard of living. Third, the relative poverty rate of all elderly Japanese people is 14.5 %, which means that one out of seven the elderly is relatively poor. This rate means that Japan ranks in fourth place from the top among the seven countries. The relative poverty rate of the elderly single women in Japan is 36.7%, following Taiwan (62.6%) and the U.S.(45.7%). Less