The Trends in Buddhism in the Period Just Before the Formation of Neo Confucianism

本研究考察了晚唐至北宋初佛教思想的各种发展趋势，以及它与当代儒家思想的关系。特别是在祁松的《坛金文记》和《家竹附教边》中，北宋佛教思想试图对儒家思想进行融合同化。启松强调了佛教对社会的贡献，引用了佛教对善政的美德提倡的影响，以及佛教对从生与死中解脱的更深层的存在维度的看法。因此，本研究从“心”、“道”、“教”等范畴分析了他的思想，揭示了他的知识背景，并注意到中唐时期城管和宗密的华言学派（例如他们的“一心法”的唯心学说）的影响。五代时期，花言与天台一道流行于吴越地区。另一方面，当代儒家强调“中庸”和“黄纪”的中庸之道。本研究以隋朝学者王东的《中说》及其袁毅的评注为依据，考察祁松的儒家思想可能也受到了湖源等湖州、杭州学者的影响。祁松对后来的佛教护教学有一定的启示，但他的思想似乎是从吴越的佛教发展而来，并在那里与发展中的儒家思想相遇。

This study investigates various trends in Buddhist thought from the late Tang to the early Northern Song, with respect to its relationship with contemporary Confucianism. Particularly in Qi-song's "Tan-jin wen-ji" and "Jia-zhu Fu-jiao bian", Northern Song Buddhist thinking attempted to syncretically assimilate Confucian ideas. Qi-song emphasized the contribution of Buddhism to society, citing the influence of the Buddhist promotion of virtue on good government, and the Buddhist vision of deeper dimensions of existence (xing-ming) providing deliverance from birth and death. This study therefore analyses his thought with respect to the categories "mind," (xin) "way" (dao) and "teaching," (jiao) and reveals his intellectual background, noting influences from the Middle-Tang Hua-yan school of Cheng-guan and Zong-mi (e.g. their Mind-only doctrine of the "Dharmadhatu of the One Mind" (yi-xin fa-jie). Together with Tian-tai, Hua-yan was popular in the states of Wu-yue during the Five Dynasties Period. On the other hand, contemporary Confucianism stressed the middle-way teachings of the 'Zhong-yong' and 'Huang-ji'. The present study uses the Zui-period scholar Wang Dong's "Zhong shuo" and its commentary by Yuan Yi, to investigate Qi-song's Confucian thinking which may also have been influenced by the teachings of Hu-Yuan and other scholars in Hu-zhou and Hang-zhou. Qi-song blazed a trail for later Buddhist apologetics, but his thinking seems to have developed from the Buddhism in Wu-yue, and its encounter there with the developing thought of Confucianism.