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The Role of the Collective/Common Field of Slaves for Their Own Use Under the Antebellum Slavery

战前奴隶制下奴隶自用的集体/公共领域的作用

基本信息

批准号：
17520511
负责人：
NUMAOKA Tsutomu
金额：
$ 2.39万
依托单位：
Niigata Sangyo University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2005
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2005 至 2007
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-17520511/
关键词：
slavery the land of slaves for their own use American history Southern history vegetable garden planter management of slave labor common field 奴隷菜園開放放牧地家畜飼育サウス・カロライナ州ジョージア州テキサス州ルイジアナ州

项目摘要

I educed the historical roles of the collective/common field of slaves for their own use (hereafter referred to as “CFS"), which was one type of land held by slaves for their own use under the slavery system in the South. The so-called antebellum period saw the zenith of the slavery system, and planters in this period, aiming at a maximization of profits, took steps towards streamlining and enhanced efficiency. The appearance of “common kitchens" and common “wood patches" are examples of those policies. The CFS played a significant role in the slave labor management system within the newly organized plantation management structure.Traditional studies on the land of slaves for their own use discuss cultivation at the family or individual levels, deny a role to the slave owner, and have emphasized slave autonomy. However, it was learned, regarding newly discovered forms of the CFS, that they were the deliberate policies of profit-seeking planters.Planters allowed the daytime cultivation by slaves of one field within the plantation as a CFS, with the labor rotated within a small group. Using this method, the slaves were able to work in a manner directly related to their personal profit within the hours of their forced labor. On the other hand, planters positioned their own fields adjacent to the slave fields in anticipation of the application of the slaves' vigorous labor to their own fields, and took steps in that direction. Various innovations by individual planters have been discovered including bonus systems introduced to the CFS, a land quota system for each person based on such fixed standards as labor capacity, gender, and age, and combined usage with private lands. Additionally, it was discovered that, within the land under cultivation in a plantation resembling these fields, the vegetable fields and gardens for the exclusive use of slaves can be seen as latent or analogous versions of the CFS.

我引出了集体/公共领域奴隶自用的历史作用(以下简称“CFS”)，这是南方奴隶制下奴隶为自己使用而持有的一种土地。所谓的南北战争前是奴隶制的顶峰时期，这一时期的种植户为了实现利润最大化，采取了精简和提高效率的措施。“共同厨房”和共同“木块”的出现就是这些政策的例子。CFS在新组建的种植园管理结构中的奴隶劳动管理系统中发挥了重要作用。传统上对自用奴隶土地的研究只讨论家庭或个人层面的耕作，否认奴隶主的角色，并强调奴隶自治。然而，据了解，对于新发现的CFS形式，这是逐利种植户刻意制定的政策。种植户允许种植园内一块地的奴隶白天耕种，作为CFS，劳动力在一小群人中轮换。使用这种方法，奴隶能够在强迫劳动的几个小时内以与他们的个人利益直接相关的方式工作。另一方面，种植户将自己的田地放在与奴隶田地相邻的地方，以期奴隶们精力充沛的劳动应用到自己的田地中，并朝着这个方向采取措施。个体种植户的各种创新被发现，包括引入CFS的奖金制度，基于劳动力、性别和年龄等固定标准的每人土地配额制度，以及与私人土地的结合使用。此外，还发现，在与这些田地相似的种植园中耕种的土地上，专门供奴隶使用的菜地和花园可以被视为潜在的或类似的CFS版本。