不法行為制度における責任の社会化と個人の権利保障-過失責任システムの基礎的研究-

侵权责任社会化与个人权利保障——过失责任制度基础研究——

• 批准号: 17730082
• 负责人: 野々村 和喜
• 金额: $ 0.51万
• 依托单位: Doshisha University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2005 至 2006
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-17730082/
• 关键词: 不法行為; 過失責任; 過失; ネグリジェンス; 権利侵害; 因果関係; リステイトメント

本研究は,個人の行動自由保障を本来的内容とする過失責任システムの基本構想に立ち返って,加害者に対する非難性(責任原因の認定)と被害者の要保護性(被害法益の認定)の両面を過不足なく説得的に提示しうる論証枠組みを検討することを目的とするものである。この問題意識は,解釈レベルでの違法性論の台頭および民事過失の客観化が,個別事案の責任成否を社会的見地から吟味する傾向を強めてきたと考えられるところ,こうした責任の社会化が,現在または近い将来において重要になる紛争類型では必ずしも適合的でない可能性があるとの認識に基づく。そこで本研究では,昨年度から継続して,米国を中心とする議論(実定法の解釈論)を調査・分析してきたが,その成果として,ある加害者が責任を負担すべき法的根拠と,被害者の被害が保護されるべきであるとの評価とは明確に区別して構成されるべきであるとの解釈論的立場が,かなり有力な主張として受け止められている。わが国でも,社会的見地から責任成否を吟味する場合に,過失・因果関係・法益侵害認定の融合ないし混交が指摘されていることに照らせば,本研究の問題意識に接続する興味深い議論である。上記の解釈論が示される背後には,不法行為法の正当化根拠に関し,矯正的正義論とその延長で展開される議論が存在する。この点の調査を抜きに,上記解釈論の正当性を判断することはできない。そこで,本年度はこの点の分析にも一定の力を注いだが,なお作業は完了しておらず,継続的な調査・検討の必要がある。なお,不法行為法の正当化根拠に関する一定の態度決定と,それに基づく解釈論は,それじたいでは,従来の解釈論の不当性を示すものではない。したがって,具体的個別事案における従来の解釈論の不適合とその要因の分析・検討が,本研究テーマに不可欠の作業として浮上している。今後は,この点を含めた総合的な成果とりまとめに取り組む予定である。

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