The Study of Oral Traditions (collective wisdom or tacit knowledge) : Time, Calendar, Transportation, Communication, and Distribution in the middle ages (12th～16th)

我们从口头传统(集体智慧或默会知识)的角度对小时法和航海技巧进行了研究和分析。我们有两种工时法。一种是对时间的绝对测量，Teiji-ho：一种标准的小时制，我们将一天分为24小时，或12 Toki。它不受日落或日出时间等季节性变化的影响。另一种是对时间的相对测量，Futeiji-ho：江户时代的一种时制，他们将一天分为两部分(白天和夜晚)，但不是一分为二，然后将每一天分为6部分。由于白天的长度在一年中并不相同，因此一个小时因季节和纬度而不同。这个系统与自然的关系如此密切，在那个时代，人们自发地与富士浩一起工作是很自然的。在航海技能方面，我们考察和解剖了人们在丰富的地理和潮流知识的情况下工作的航海和捕鱼作业。我们查阅了中世纪的旅行著作(12世纪~16世纪)，以获得有关出发和到达的信息。基于这些数据，我们试图计算出船只从一个港口到另一个港口需要多长时间，并猜测潮流和风力有多大，或者在逆流时桨手如何帮助。

We studied and analyzed hour method and navigational skills from the viewpoint of oral traditions (collective wisdom or tacit knowledge). We have two types of hour method. One is an absolute measurement of time, Teiji-ho : a standard hour system in which we divide a day into 24 hours,or 12 toki. It is not affected by seasonal changes like the time of sunset or sunrise. The other is a relative measurement of time, Futeiji-ho : a temporal hour system during the Edo Period in which they divided a day into two (day and night) but not in half, then they divided each of these into 6. Since the length of daytime is not the same throughout the year, an hour differs according to the seasons and latitudes. This system had such a close relation with nature that it is quite natural for people to work spontaneously with Futeiji-ho in those days. As for navigational skills, We examined and dissected voyages and fishing operation in which people worked with abundant knowledge about geography and tidal currents. We consulted medieval travel writings (12^<th>~16^<th> century) for information on departures and arrivals. Based on those data, We tried to figure out how long it took for ships to go from one port to another, and guessed how strong the tidal currents were and the wind force was, or how oarsmen helped when they were on adverse current.