Development of a photon detector using gas-multiplication process

利用气体倍增过程开发光子探测器

• 批准号: 18340068
• 负责人: SUMIYOSHI Takayuki
• 金额: $ 8.28万
• 依托单位: Tokyo Metropolitan University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2006 至 2007
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-18340068/
• 关键词: Experimental study for elementary particle physics; Experimental study for nuclei; ガス増幅; 光電子増倍管; GEM; 光検出器

We started a R & D work to establish a Gas PMT which has potential advantages such as immunity for high magnetic field and easiness to enlarge its size with reasonable cost. In order to detect photons of visible light, we introduce a bi-alkali photocathode into a tip glass tubes, inside of which is filled with Ar/CH4 gas mixture. Then we occasionally measured the quantum efficiency (QE) of the Gas PMT for 600days. We found that the QE is stable for 600days even in such a gas environment. We also confirm that this kind of Gas PMT can detect photons in a high magnetic field of 1.5 Tesla. During the production stage of this kind of Gas PMTs, we noticed that there is incompatibility between bi-alkali photocathode and GEM which is usually made of Kapton. A Gas PMT made with Kapton GEM lost its sensitivity to visible light immediately after activation of photocathode. Same phenomenon is observed for LCD GEM. We recognized that organic GEM adsorb vapor of alkali metals easily. Hence we decide … More d to use Pyrex glass for the material of GEM instead of Kapton and LCD. In order to make Pyrex glass GEMs we introduced sand-blasting (micro-blasting) method, since it is very cheap compared with other methods such as a laser processing. We found that thus produced micro-blasting Pyrex glass GEM (MB-GEM) has almost same performance as Kapton and LCD GEMs. We constructed a Gas PMT with MB-GEM and bi-alkali photocathode operated in a Ar/CH4 gas mixture. Although visible light signals are well seen by this Gas PMT but the gain(G) doesn't obey the equation G∝AV^α, where A and α is a constant and V is the applied voltage to the GEM. The deviation from the equation is understood as feedback phenomenon ; ion-feedback. Ions produced during a gas multiplication process hit the photocathode and create extra electrons. In order to make an operation of Gas PMT more stable, such ion feedback should be minimized. To understand the mechanism of ion-feedback, we made a simulation study by using programs of Maxwell and Garfield, which can provide 3-dimensional trace lines of electrons and ions in a gas mixture. From this simulation study we noticed that Micromegas (a thin metal mesh) can highly suppress ion-feedback than GEM. For instance the suppression factor of Micromegas is 3% while GEM is 20%. Then we tried to produce several types of GEM with a combination of MB-GEM and Micromegas. Though it is not satisfactory, we could have a good sample of Gas PMT by using a double MB-GEM and a Micromegas. In a middle term test of this Gas PMT we found that QE of bi-alkali photocathode degrade substantially due to ion-feedback. Hence further reduction of ion-feedback is vital for a construction of really usable Gas-PMT. Less

我们开始了一项研发工作，以建立一个气体PMT，它具有潜在的优势，如高磁场的免疫力和容易扩大其规模与合理的成本。为了探测可见光的光子，我们将双碱金属光电阴极引入到一个尖端玻璃管中，内部填充Ar/CH4混合气体。然后，我们偶尔测量了600天的气体光电倍增管的量子效率（QE）。我们发现，即使在这样的气体环境中，QE也可以稳定600天。我们还证实，这种气体光电倍增管可以检测光子在1.5特斯拉的高磁场。在这类气体光电倍增管的生产过程中，我们注意到双碱光电阴极和通常由Kapton制成的GEM之间存在不相容性。用Kapton GEM制成的气体PMT在光电阴极激活后立即失去对可见光的灵敏度。对于LCD GEM观察到相同的现象。我们认识到有机GEM容易吸附碱金属蒸气。因此我们决定 ...更多信息 d用Pyrex玻璃代替Kapton和LCD作为GEM的材料。为了制造Pyrex玻璃GEM，我们引入了喷砂（微喷砂）方法，因为与其他方法（如激光加工）相比，它非常便宜。我们发现，由此产生的微爆破Pyrex玻璃GEM（MB-GEM）具有几乎相同的性能Kapton和LCD GEM。我们用MB-GEM和双碱光电阴极构建了一个工作在Ar/CH4混合气体中的气体光电倍增管。虽然可见光信号被该气体PMT很好地看到，但是增益（G）不遵守等式G <$AV ^α，其中A和α是常数，并且V是施加到GEM的电压。与方程的偏差被理解为反馈现象;离子反馈。在气体倍增过程中产生的离子撞击光电阴极并产生额外的电子。为了使气体PMT的操作更稳定，应该使这种离子反馈最小化。为了理解离子反馈的机理，我们利用麦克斯韦和加菲猫的程序进行了模拟研究，该程序可以提供混合气体中电子和离子的三维迹线。从这个模拟研究中，我们注意到Micromegas（一种薄金属网）可以比GEM更好地抑制离子反馈。例如，Micromegas的抑制因子为3%，而GEM为20%。然后，我们尝试用MB-GEM和Micromegas组合来生产几种类型的GEM。虽然不能令人满意，但我们可以通过使用双MB-GEM和Micromegas来获得良好的Gas PMT样品。在该气体光电倍增管的中期测试中，我们发现双碱光电阴极的QE由于离子反馈而大幅下降。因此，进一步减少离子反馈是至关重要的建设真正可用的气体光电倍增管。少

项目成果

Optical Readout of Glass Capillary Plate Gas Detector

玻璃毛细管板气体检测器的光学读数

• 发表时间: 2006
• 作者: F. Tokanai;H. Sakurai;S. Gunji;T. Sumiyoshi;H. Sugiyama;Y. Fujita;T. Atsumi;Y. Ohishi;T. Okada;S. Kishimoto;Takayuki Sumiyoshi;門叶 冬樹;門叶冬樹;Fuyuki Tokanai;門叶冬樹
• 通讯作者: 門叶冬樹

Gain of a gas photomultiplier with CsI photocathode

带 CsI 光电阴极的气体光电倍增管的增益

• 发表时间: 2007
• 期刊: Journal of Physics.Conference Series 65
• 作者: Hiroyoshi Sakurai;F.Tokanai;S.Gunji;T.Sumiyoshi;Y.Fujita;T.Okada;Hiroaki Sugiyama;Y.Ohishi;T.Atsumi
• 通讯作者: T.Atsumi

細孔型マイクロパターンガス検出器の新展開

孔型微图案气体探测器的新进展

• 发表时间: 2007
• 期刊: 日本物理学会誌 62
• 作者: 櫻井;敬久・門叶;冬樹・郡司;修一
• 通讯作者: 修一

Development of a gas multiplication type photomultiplier tube

气体倍增型光电倍增管的开发

• 发表时间: 2008
• 作者: F. Tokanai;H. Sakurai;S. Gunji;T. Sumiyoshi;H. Sugiyama;Y. Fujita;T. Atsumi;Y. Ohishi;T. Okada;S. Kishimoto;Takayuki Sumiyoshi
• 通讯作者: Takayuki Sumiyoshi

Gain of a gas photomultiplier with CsI photocathode.

带 CsI 光电阴极的气体光电倍增管的增益。

• 发表时间: 2007
• 期刊: Journal of Physics Conference Series 65
• 作者: Hiroyoshi Sakurai;F.Tokanai;S.Gunji,(Yamagata U.);T.Sumiyoshi,(Tokyo Metropolitan U.);Y.Fujita;T.Okada;Hiroaki Sugiyama;Y.Ohishi;T.Atsumi,(Hamamatsu Photonics)
• 通讯作者: T.Atsumi,(Hamamatsu Photonics)