Evolutionary arms race between Australian cuckoos and their hosts.

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A new anti-parasitism behaviour was observed in the Large-billed Gerygone Gerygone magnirostris and the Mangrove Gerygone G. laevigaster which are hosts of the Little Bronze-cuckoo Chalcites (formally Chrysococcyx) minutillus. This behaviour, termed parasite nestling ejection, involves the physical removal of live parasite nestlings from active nests and represents a type of chick discrimination. The discovery of parasite nestling ejection by Gerygones represented a significant finding for anti-parasitic behaviour research at the nestling stage. Although the Little Bronze-cuckoo seemed to start parasitism to Large-billed Gerygone historically, then they seemed to explore the Mangrove Gerygone as a new host.