A study on syringe manipulation techniques, especially in connection with direct manual manipulation of the syringe plungerA study on syringe manipulation techniques, especially in connection with

在护理机构学习基本的注射器操作技术时，一般不允许让自己的手或手指触摸注射器柱塞或针头触摸安瓿口。然而，在实际的临床实践中，仍有大量的护士这样做。此外，迄今为止的研究表明，对于经验丰富的从业者和初学者来说，在诸如内部注射器压力和从安瓿中抽出药物所需的时间等因素上存在很大的个体差异，这些因素可能是由于实际技术的差异。因此，我们测试了用注射器取出药物时是否需要消毒，以及消毒做法的差异对技术培训的影响。微生物学测试51名护士被要求操作活塞，每瓶提取5次TS液体培养基，使用与实际操作中常规操作相同的技术，但没有更多的洗手，总共306瓶，然后检查细菌。2名护士共检出3种细菌（来自2个药瓶）。我们还让14名护士和29名学生和/或教学人员对总共215个小瓶执行相同的程序，但在没有洗手的情况下握住活塞。5名参与者（从5个小瓶中）共检测到3种细菌，这可以理解为细菌通过与柱塞的物理接触被引入培养基的可能性很高，因为在积极接触柱塞的组中检测到细菌的比例为2.3%，而在常规组中为0.5%。无论如何，由于检测到的细菌不是引起疾病的类型，而是在皮肤和环境中常见的类型，因此，通过遵守洗手和消毒的卫生原则，可以预期减少细菌的数量。人体工程学研究人员用数码相机记录了72名护士和38名学生的日常工作，然后根据他们储存药瓶和注射器的方式的不同将他们分为五组。我们还有11名没有医学或护理背景的学生从药壶中服用药物，他们遵循了严格的消毒程序，也没有特别注意消毒。我们比较了最大注射器压力的数字，完成任务的时间量，以及特别强调灭菌和不强调灭菌时的注射器压力波形。在学习速度和准确性方面，特别注意消毒被认为不是特别有效；也就是说，在不注意灭菌技术的情况下，更容易学习技术。少

When learning basic syringe manipulation techniques at nursing institutions, it is generally not permitted to allow one's hand or finger to touch the syringe plunger or for the needle to touch the mouth of the ampule. Nevertheless, there are still a large number of nurses who do so in actual clinical practice. Additionally, studies to date indicate that there is a great deal of individual variance for both experienced practitioners and for beginners in such factors as internal syringe pressure and time necessary for drawing medications out of the ampule, factors which may be due to differences in practical techniques. We therefore tested to see if sterilization is necessary when drawing medications out with a syringe, and what effects differences in sterilization practices have on technical training.Microbiology Tests51 nurses were asked manipulate pistons to extract TS liquid medium five times per vial, using the same techniques as they do routinely in actual practice, but without hav … More ing washed their hands, for a total of 306 vials, which were then checked for bacteria. A total of 3 bacteria species were detected for 2 of the nurses (from 2 of the vials). We also had 14 nurses and 29 students and/or teaching staff members carry out the same procedures for a total of 215 vials, but after having gripping pistons with unwashed hands. A total of 3 bacteria species were detected for 5 of the participants (from 5 of the vials)This can be taken to mean that there is a high probability' that bacteria were introduced to the medium through physical contact with the plungers, since bacteria were detected for 2.3% for the group in which plungers were actively touched in comparison with 0.5% for the routine group. At any rate, since bacteria detected were not disease-inducing types, but types which are commonly found on skin and in the environment, numbers could be expected to be reduced through adherence to hygiene principles of hand-washing and sterilization.ErgonomicsDigital camera records were made of the routines of 72 nurses and 38 students, who were then divided into five groups based on differences in the way they stored vials and syringes. We also had 11 students with no background in medicine or nursing to take medicine from an ampule both by following careful sterilization procedures and without paying particular attention to sterilization. We compared figures for maximum syringe pressure, the amount of time to finish the task, and syringe pressure waveforms between the times when particular stress was put on sterilization and when it was not. Paying special attention to sterilization was not seen as especially efficient_in terms of learning speed and accuracy ; i.e., it was easier to learn techniques when not paying attention to sterilization techniques. Less