Mechanisms and significance of alterations in the immune system induced by exercise stress

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Stress enhanced gut protective HSP70 expression at colon epithelia was found to be mediated both by TLR recognition of commensal bacteria and stress-induced glucocorticoid. Alternatively, stimulation of intestinal smooth muscle TLR reduces intestinal motility, and the absence of TLR stimulation by commensal bacteria greatly affects repair process of damaged skeletal muscle. Secondly, skeletal muscle cells per se were found to secrete cytokine IL-6 and chemokines CXCL1, 5 upon electrically stimulated contraction. Under reduced intracellular glycogen level, contracting myotubes effectively produces IL-6 depending on calcineurin activated NFATc1 translocation into nucleus. Muscle contraction induces production of CXCL5 mRNA in vivo, but CXCL5 protein was only detected when muscle damage was induced.