Behavioral study on life-time development of Japanese macaques and gorillas.

目前的研究包括对自由放养的日本猕猴、圈养群体中的大猩猩以及圈养的长颈鹿和犀牛的行为观察。在日本猕猴中，母亲对待婴儿的方式存在差异：母亲具有高度保护性的婴儿从其他人那里得到的梳妆频率较低。母亲倾向于更频繁地监视与其他小组成员有互动的婴儿。此外，成年雌性与非亲缘关系的雌性之间的梳理互动往往持续数年以上，而亲缘关系密切的雌性之间的梳理互动则随着年龄的增长而减少。在圈养的一群大猩猩中，雄性领头人与一些成年雌性大猩猩的亲密关系比其他雌性大猩猩更频繁地维持了12年，这表明雄性领头人与成年雌性大猩猩的关系是稳定的。在圈养的长颈鹿和犀牛身上观察到了几年的母婴关系，与非人类灵长类动物不同，母婴亲密度随着年龄的增长而减少，长颈鹿母亲和它们的幼崽之间的亲密度从出生到断奶期间一直很低，而犀牛的母婴亲密度即使在断奶后也保持在很高的水平。不仅需要比较灵长类物种之间的母性行为和母婴关系，而且还需要比较非人类灵长类和非灵长类哺乳动物之间的母性行为和母婴关系，以便了解各种哺乳动物的发育全貌。

The present research includes behavioral observations on free-ranging Japanese macaques, gorillas in a captive group and giraffes and rhinoceros in captivity. There is variability in maternal style towards infants in Japanese macaques: infants with high protective mothers received less frequent grooming from others. Mothers tended to monitor their infants more frequently who had interactions with other group members. Moreover, adult females tend to have maintained grooming interactions with unrelated females for more than several years, while grooming interactions between closely related females tended to decrease with increasing age. In a captive group of gorillas, proximity relationships of the leader male with some adult females had been maintained more frequently than with other females for 12 years, indicating the presence of stability in the leader male-adult female relationships. Mother-calf relationships during a few years in captive giraffes and rhinoceros had been observed and, unlike nonhuman primatesin which mother-infant proximity decrease with increasing age, proximity between giraffe mothers and their calves remained much lower from the birth to the weaning period, while that in rhinoceros remained much higher even up to after the weaning. Comparison in maternal behavior and mother-infant relationships not only among primate species but also between nonhuman primates and non-primate mammals should be needed in order to understand a full picture of development in various mammals.