A longitudinal study on or patterns and maternal styles in Japanese macaques

本研究重点研究了自由放养的日本猕猴群体中成年雌性猕猴的社会行为模式与母性风格之间的关系，以及圈养低地大猩猩群体中成年雌性猕猴与其他群体成员的长期社会关系及其母性行为。基于日本雌性猕猴的社会梳理，我发现它们很可能将梳理互动集中在关系密切的雌性和某些熟悉的不相关的雌性身上，同时它们也表现出进步的梳理特征，因为它们与新的伴侣形成了梳理关系。我还报告了一些在野外很少发生的母性行为：一只成年雌性在背部抬着她刚出生的婴儿，同时背着她一岁的孩子。在两只雌性失去了自己的新生婴儿后，她们允许一岁的婴儿哺乳。这些观察表明，日本雌性猴子具有更高的母性行为能力和灵活性。ba…我更专注于对圈养大猩猩群体的长期观察，还报告了一些通常不会发生的有趣案例。在初产母亲与新生儿和经产母亲与10个月大的婴儿之间交换婴儿后，母亲们提供了适当的产妇护理，包括对其收养的婴儿进行哺乳，但年龄较大的婴儿仍然更频繁地向其亲生母亲寻求庇护，而不是向其养母寻求庇护。近两年后，由养母断奶的年幼婴儿开始从亲生母亲那里哺乳，亲生母亲随后断奶了她的养婴。然后，断奶的大一点的婴儿表现出异常的拔毛行为。这些结果表明，当母亲继续留在群体中时，大猩猩幼崽很难迅速将其依恋形象从母亲转移到另一只成年雌性猩猩身上。我还报告了一位有经验的母亲和她的年轻成年女性之间反复发生的婴儿转移行为，表明这位母亲通过纠正母亲对婴儿的不当行为来鼓励她没有经验的女儿。较少

The present study focused on relations between social behavior patterns and maternal styles of adult females in a free-ranging group of Japanese macaques, and on long-term social relationships of adult females with other group members and their maternal behaviors in a captive group of lowland gorillas. Based on social grooming performed by female Japanese monkeys, I found that they were very likely to concentrate their grooming interactions on closely related females and certain familiar unrelated females, while they also showed progressive trait for grooming since they formed grooming relationships with new partners. I also reported some maternal behaviors which might rarely occur in a wild situation: An adult female carried her newborn ventrally and her yearling dorsally at the same time. After two females lost their own newborn infants, they allowed their yearlings to suckle. These observations show a higher ability and flexibility of maternal behaviors in female Japanese monkeys.Ba … More sed on long-term observations on a captive group of gorillas, I also reported some interesting cases which might not usually occur. After infant-swapping between a primiparous mother with a neonate and a multiparous mother with a 10-month-old infant, the mothers provided appropriate maternal care including nursing to their adopted infants, but the older infant still sought refuge with its biological mother more frequently than with its foster mother. Almost two years later, the younger infant who was weaned by its foster mother began nursing from its biological mother, who subsequently weaned her adopted infant. Then, the older infant who was weaned exhibited abnormal plucking hair behavior. These results indicate that it was difficult for the gorilla infant to quickly transfer its attachment figure from the mother to another adult female when the mother continued to remain in the group. I also reported repeated acts of baby-transfer between an experienced mother and her young adult females, indicating that the mother encouraged her inexperienced daughter by rectifying inappropriate maternal behavior toward the baby. Less