A longitudinal study on or patterns and maternal styles in Japanese macaques

本文研究了自由放养的日本猕猴群体中成年雌性的社会行为模式与母性方式的关系，以及圈养的低地大猩猩群体中成年雌性与其他群体成员的长期社会关系及其母性行为。通过对日本母猴的社会梳理，我发现它们很可能将梳理互动集中在关系密切的雌性和某些熟悉的不相关的雌性身上，同时它们也表现出了梳理的进步性，因为它们与新的伴侣形成了梳理关系。我还报告了一些在野生环境中可能很少发生的母性行为：一只成年母熊把它的新生儿背在肚子上，同时把它一岁的孩子背在背上。在两只雌性失去了自己的新生儿后，它们让自己一岁的孩子吃奶。这些观察结果表明，雌性日本猴具有更高的母性行为能力和灵活性。在对一群圈养的大猩猩进行长期观察后，我还报告了一些通常不会发生的有趣案例。在一个带新生儿的初产母亲和一个带10个月大婴儿的多产母亲之间进行婴儿交换后，母亲们提供了适当的母性照顾，包括对她们收养的婴儿进行护理，但年龄较大的婴儿仍然比养母更频繁地寻求生母的庇护。差不多两年后，被养母断奶的小婴儿开始从生母那里哺乳，生母随后又给养母断奶。然后，断奶的大婴儿表现出异常的拔毛行为。这些结果表明，当母亲继续留在群体中时，大猩猩婴儿很难迅速将其依恋形象从母亲转移到另一个成年雌性身上。我还报告了一位经验丰富的母亲和她年轻的成年女性之间反复发生的婴儿转移行为，表明这位母亲通过纠正对婴儿的不当母性行为来鼓励她没有经验的女儿。少

The present study focused on relations between social behavior patterns and maternal styles of adult females in a free-ranging group of Japanese macaques, and on long-term social relationships of adult females with other group members and their maternal behaviors in a captive group of lowland gorillas. Based on social grooming performed by female Japanese monkeys, I found that they were very likely to concentrate their grooming interactions on closely related females and certain familiar unrelated females, while they also showed progressive trait for grooming since they formed grooming relationships with new partners. I also reported some maternal behaviors which might rarely occur in a wild situation: An adult female carried her newborn ventrally and her yearling dorsally at the same time. After two females lost their own newborn infants, they allowed their yearlings to suckle. These observations show a higher ability and flexibility of maternal behaviors in female Japanese monkeys.Ba … More sed on long-term observations on a captive group of gorillas, I also reported some interesting cases which might not usually occur. After infant-swapping between a primiparous mother with a neonate and a multiparous mother with a 10-month-old infant, the mothers provided appropriate maternal care including nursing to their adopted infants, but the older infant still sought refuge with its biological mother more frequently than with its foster mother. Almost two years later, the younger infant who was weaned by its foster mother began nursing from its biological mother, who subsequently weaned her adopted infant. Then, the older infant who was weaned exhibited abnormal plucking hair behavior. These results indicate that it was difficult for the gorilla infant to quickly transfer its attachment figure from the mother to another adult female when the mother continued to remain in the group. I also reported repeated acts of baby-transfer between an experienced mother and her young adult females, indicating that the mother encouraged her inexperienced daughter by rectifying inappropriate maternal behavior toward the baby. Less