The Multiethnic Livelihood Economy and Regular Markets in the Subtropical Regions -Cases in Hainan Island and Yunnan Province, China-

土著农民往往将农业、渔业、狩猎和采集等不同类型的生计结合起来；多样化的环境区是基于农民的土著知识而使用的。这与工业化社会的农民形成了鲜明对比，他们大多依赖单一作物种植，对利用周围环境的兴趣较小。在本研究中，我们在海南省五指山地区和云南省红河地区进行了田野调查，研究了原住民生存与政府主导的开发项目和自然环境之间的关系。我们试图将这种关系作为一个动态系统进行评估；例如，我们发现(1)人们可以利用当地的自然环境知识来缓解政府主导的发展项目的不利影响；(2)社区的社会组织在环境保护中发挥了作用。中国经济的快速发展通常被认为是一次…更多的原因是环境破坏。2006年发起的旨在实现“小康”社会的国家倡议(第11个五年计划)。重要的挑战是通过保护生态系统、高效利用资源、无害环境的经济和社会制度来实现可持续社会。然而，正如最近关于城市地区空气污染问题的报道所表明的那样，这些目标尚未完全实现。在我们的田野调查中，一个值得注意的发现是“市场”在维护地区社会中的基础作用。市场使家庭能够用不足的材料换取过剩的生产，这有助于该区域的可持续生存战略，并避免过度开发自然环境。问题是，市场如今被认为是过时的、效率低下的经济活动场所，因此受到了政府和民众的重视。要看到市场在区域经济可持续发展和自然环境保护中的无形作用，在中国的农村重新推广。较少

Indigenous farmers often integrate different types of subsistence such as agriculture, fishing, hunting and gathering; diversified environmental zones are used on the basis of farmers’ indigenous knowledge. It is contrasting to farmers in industrialized societies who mostly depend on mono-cropping and are less interested in utilizing surrounding environment. In the present study, we conducted fieldworks in Wuzhishan region in Hainan Province and in Honghe region in Yunnan Province, China, for investing the relationships among indigenous subsistence, government-led developmental project and natural environment. We tried to evaluate the relationship as a dynamic system; for example, we found that (1) the people could mitigate unfavorable impacts of government-led developmental project by using indigenous knowledge about natural environment; and (2) social organization of communities played a role in environmental conservation. Rapid economic development in China is usually regarded as a … More cause of environmental destruction. A national initiative launched in 2006 (the 11th five-year plan) aimed at achieving “moderately affluent” society. The important challenge is to implement sustainable society by ecosystem conservation, efficient resource use, environmentally sound economy and social system. Yet, as symbolized by recent reports of air pollution problems in urban areas, the goals have not been fully accomplished. One notable finding in our fieldworks is the fundamental role of “market” in maintenance of regional society. Market has enabled households to exchange their surplus production with deficient materials, which contributed to sustainable survival strategies in the region and to avoid over exploitation of natural environment. The problem is that market is nowadays regarded as old-fashioned and not-efficient places for economic activity and thus is underscored by the government people. They should notice invisible function of market in sustainability of regional economy as well as conservation of natural environment, and re-promote it in rural parts of China. Less