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Rome integration of Theoria and Praxis in Cicero

西塞罗理论与实践的罗马整合

基本信息

批准号：
20520305
负责人：
KAKUTA Yukihiko
金额：
$ 2.33万
依托单位：
Meiji University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2008
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2008 至 2011
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

Nowadays it is becoming more important and more necessary that we Japanese estimate deeply and apprehend comprehensively Cicero's wide mental world. The endeavor and diligence of tense and powerful unity between Theoria (all embracing investigations in mental world) and Praxis (all activities of political and social problems ) was the most splendid achievement of Cicero and this newly creative direction expresses the Roman special originality to the later world.Through Cicero, the greatest philosopher of ancient Rom we Japanese should notice and apprehend our weak mentality and the traditional deficiency and need to give a new direction towards humanism, entire formation of human activity. In Rom specially in Cicero These two aspects, that is to say, theoretical wide interest - this is in a good meaning amateur-spirit - and official activity was the highest and most respectful aim in intellectual people.Cicero was not only one example of unification of these both aspects, but also he w … More as a true creator of this mental direction in those days. "Who is Cicero?" "Which endeavors did he continue in his daily life?" "What is the attractive personality of this philosopher?" "Why could he make such a political struggle against his enemies powerfully?" "How did he conquer his sorrowful heavy destiny (Destiny is a severe trial which is given by God)?" "Which intension did he embrace in his activity of philosophical writings in a lot of scientific fields?" These questions are leading me and inspiring my study about Cicero. Already I wrote 7 books concerning Cicero during 10 years (2000-2009). At the central position of Cicero in my philosophical study I burned my philosophical interests in Greek philosophers (Plato and Aristotle) and in modern philosophers (Nietzsche, Heidegger, Arendt, Loewith).In order to apprehend Cicero's originality and speciality deeply we must take the other meaning of Seneca's originality and speciality. Seneca is a greatest philosopher in the Roman Imperial time. About this philosopher I wrote already 2 books. In Japan I cannot find anyone who wrote about Cicero and Seneca. My unchangeable attitude toward a scientific and philosophical thinking is on two sides investigations (Greek spirit and Roman spirit, Plato and Aristotle, Descartes and Pascal, Voltaire and Rousseau, Kant and Hegel, Marx and Burckhardt, Husserl and Heidegger, Religion and Philosophy, Catholicism and Protestantism, German Spirit and French Spirit, Japanese Way of Thinking and European Way of Thinking, moreover Politics and Low, Political speech and Law-count speech). These themes are shown in my many books concerning the History of Ideas (Geistesgeschichte) concretely and fully.About Seneca I want to make moreover a small mention. Seneca was a philosopher and the greatest tragedian. And his life was in itself a tragedy. Seneca had no chance, no opportunity to express his own political opinion and he was unhappy, very unhappy, because he could have no activity to have a confident attack, a drastic struggle against his political enemies in his life.The unity or close relationship between Theoria and Praxis had no realization, Seneca's political environment prevented such a realization. Surely Seneca took a consulship near Emperor Nero, but this position only nominal, it possessed no power of politics.In comparison to Seneca, Cicero was happy, of course in a tragic meaning. His accomplishment rather his excellent perfection of the unity of Theoria (philosophy) and Praxis (politics) was owning to the clear fact, that these were strong and severe political enemies (rivals) near Cicero. Cicero's spiritual highness and earnest study-life had a tight relationship to his political decision and activity. Cicero' s earnest life way, his unbroken diligence must have had a difficult actual struggle, political battle. Ciceronian wide mental world, his philosophical depth was given an unexpected companionship through his political struggle. Cicero's mental width and philosophical keenness was in a sense or rather in a true sense a present from the being and attacks of Cicero's political enemies. Caesar, Clodius, Pompeius, and Marx Antonius, these four politicians (not statement in a better meaning, behind them there were Roman armies) were standing always in the way of Cicero with nasty and wicked plans. And these dangerous politicians continued to make threat through violence. Ciceronian Theoria-ability and eloquence-power gave him the strong confidence against his enemies attacks. And Cicero's speeches toward these enemies (his attack-speech) showed and completed rhetorical and eloquent spirituality. His scholarships, his flower-garten of language-world become without exhaustion a splendid source of his attacks against his enemies.And the stubborn continuity of political attacks and plots from his enemies burned Cicero's working continuity of theoretical investigations specially philosophical studies.In the latest time Cicero suffered a fateful blow which coursed him profounder sorrow than any other misfortune of his daughter's death. However overwhelmed Cicero was with grief, he succeeded philosophical studies about Nature, Gods, Knowledge, Moral Citizens Ethics and Low. Ciceronian tasteful personality created European humanism in a true figure. Less

在今天，我们日本人对西塞罗广阔的精神世界进行深入的评价和全面的了解，显得尤为重要和必要。忒奥里亚之间紧张而强大的团结的奋进和勤奋（精神世界的所有研究）和实践（所有政治和社会问题的活动）是西塞罗最辉煌的成就，这一新的创造性方向向后世表达了罗马人独特的独创性。通过西塞罗，作为古罗马最伟大的哲学家，我们日本人应该注意和认识到我们的软弱心态和传统的不足，需要为人文主义指明新的方向，整个人类活动的形成。在罗马，特别是在西塞罗，这两个方面，也就是说，理论上的广泛兴趣-这是一个很好的意义业余精神-和官方活动是知识分子的最高和最尊重的目标。西塞罗不仅是这两个方面的统一的例子，而且他还在他的作品中， ...更多信息作为一个真正的创造者在那些日子里这个精神方向。“西塞罗是谁？”“他在日常生活中继续做哪些努力？”“这位哲学家有什么吸引人的个性？”“他为什么能对他的敌人进行如此有力的政治斗争呢？”“他是如何克服他那悲伤沉重的命运的？”“他在许多科学领域的哲学著述活动中，包含着什么内涵？“这些问题引导着我，激发着我对西塞罗的研究。我已经写了7本关于西塞罗在10年（2000-2009）。西塞罗在我的哲学研究中处于中心地位，我对希腊哲学家（柏拉图和亚里士多德）和现代哲学家（尼采、海德格尔、阿伦特、洛维兹）都有浓厚的哲学兴趣。要深入理解西塞罗的独创性和特殊性，就必须理解塞涅卡的独创性和特殊性的另一层含义。塞涅卡是罗马帝国时期最伟大的哲学家。关于这位哲学家，我已经写了两本书。在日本，我找不到一个写过西塞罗和塞涅卡的人。我对科学和哲学思想的不变态度是两方面的考察（希腊精神与罗马精神，柏拉图与亚里士多德，笛卡尔与帕斯卡，伏尔泰与卢梭，康德与黑格尔，马克思与伯克哈特，胡塞尔与海德格尔，宗教与哲学，天主教与新教，德意志精神与法兰西精神，日本思维方式与欧洲思维方式，还有政治与低级，政治演讲和法律演讲）。这些主题在我的许多关于思想史的著作中都有具体而充分的阐述。关于塞涅卡，我想再提一点。塞涅卡是一位哲学家，也是最伟大的希腊哲学家。他的生活本身就是一场悲剧。塞涅卡没有机会，没有机会表达自己的政治观点，他很不快乐，非常不快乐，因为他没有任何行动，可以自信地攻击，激烈地对抗他一生中的政敌，忒奥里亚和普拉西斯之间的团结或紧密关系没有实现，塞涅卡的政治环境阻止了这种实现。当然，塞涅卡在尼禄皇帝身边担任过执政官，但这个职位只是名义上的，没有任何政治权力。与塞涅卡相比，西塞罗是幸福的，当然，这是一种悲剧的意义。他的成就，而不是他对理论（哲学）和实践（政治）的统一的卓越完善，是由于一个明确的事实，即这些都是西塞罗附近强大而严重的政治敌人（对手）。西塞罗的精神追求和认真的学习生活与他的政治决策和政治活动有着密切的关系。西塞罗的认真生活方式，他的不间断的勤奋必然有过一场艰难的实际斗争、政治斗争。西塞罗广阔的精神世界，他的哲学深度通过他的政治斗争得到了意想不到的陪伴。西塞罗的思想宽度和哲学的简洁性在某种意义上，或者更确切地说，在真正意义上，是西塞罗的政治敌人的存在和攻击的礼物。凯撒、克洛狄乌斯、庞培和马克思安东尼乌斯，这四个政治家（不是更好的说法，他们背后有罗马军队）总是站在西塞罗的道路上，有着肮脏和邪恶的计划。这些危险的政客继续通过暴力进行威胁。西塞罗的理论能力和口才力量给了他强大的信心，反对他的敌人的攻击。西塞罗对这些敌人的演讲（他的攻击演讲）显示并完成了修辞和雄辩的灵性。他的学识，他的语言世界的花园，成了他攻击敌人的一个极好的源泉。而敌人的政治攻击和阴谋的顽固连续性，烧毁了西塞罗理论研究特别是哲学研究的连续性。西塞罗最近遭受了致命的打击，他女儿的死给他带来了比任何其他不幸都更深重的悲痛。尽管西塞罗悲痛欲绝，但他成功地完成了对自然、神、知识、道德公民、伦理和道德的哲学研究。西塞罗的高雅人格塑造了欧洲人文主义的一个真实形象。少