Change of the Structure of the Non-Use of Force Principle inInternational Law

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The following are the summary of my research activities. First, I published a book on the development of the concept of the right to self-defence from the mid-nineteenth century to 1945. In preparing for this book to be published, I studied the drafting process of the United Nations Charter. I paid special attention to the United States delegation’s view on the proviso of Article 2(4) of the Charter-‘in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations’. Second, I examined recent international judicial decisions, with particular attention to the concept of the use of force in international law and the principles of necessity and proportionality in self-defence. Finally, I also examined the concept of the use of force in relation to ‘cyber attacks’.