Factors that Determine Reaction of Peasants to Newly Available Economic Opportunities : A Case Study from Advancement of Large-Scale Oil Palm Plantation Schemes in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

本研究考察了印度尼西亚东加里曼丹省大规模油棕种植计划与当地达亚克社区之间发生的土地冲突。冲突的原因可以从两个方面来解释。首先，自20世纪90年代以来，当地的达亚克农民越来越多地从传统的稻田种植转向小规模的经济作物种植，如可可和橡胶。当地经济作物种植园的增加加强了当地对需要加强个人土地所有权的认识。第二，油棕种植公司违反了当地的土地使用习惯，没有得到当地人民的适当同意。国家法规要求开发公司必须征得当地居民的同意，但这些法规并没有很好地发挥作用，因为许多公司只从当地领导人那里获得土地征用许可，而当地领导人往往不与其他社团成员协商。为了防止开发公司和当地居民之间的土地冲突，必须建立一个第三方监督系统，确保所有社会成员参与达成当地土地使用协议。

This study examines the land conflicts that have occurred between large-scale oil-palm plantation schemes and local Dayak communities in the province of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The reasons of the conflicts can be explained from two factors. First, since 1990s, local Dayak peasants have increasingly shifted from their traditional swidden rice farming to small-scale cash-crop plantations, such as cocoa and rubber. The increase in cash crop plantations in local farming has strengthened local awareness about the need for stronger individual landownership rights. Second, the oil palm plantation companies have violated local customary land use without gaining proper consent from local people. The state regulations that have obligated development companies to obtain consent from local populations have not properly functioned, because many companies gain permission for land appropriation only from local leaders who often do not consult with other members of the societies. In order to prevent land conflicts between development companies and local populations, it is imperative to build a third party monitored system that ensures participation of all members of the society in attaining agreement on local land use.