Social thought and university extension in urban-industrial America 1890-1915

在美国大学推广运动的早期阶段，亚当斯、詹姆斯和伊利这三位人物扮演了重要的角色。他们都是充满活力的社会学家，通过在德国的学习，充分认识到学科和学者的社会使命。与此同时，我们也不能忽视他们对社会福音感兴趣的事实，他们嘲笑古典经济学，并渴望创造一个“合作社会”，作为取代不干涉的新社会。在那里，以及国家的规定，它被认为是至关重要的普通人行使适当的独立性。因此，培养普通民众的智力就成为当务之急。他们在英国的大学扩建中找到了解决这个问题的方法。也就是说，早期的大学推广运动不过是一种旨在建立“合作社会”，为普通民众提供高等教育的措施。

During the early phase of the university extension movement in the U.S.A., the three figures-Adams, James, and Ely-played an important role. All of them were spirited sociologists fully aware of the social missions of academic disciplines and scholars through their studies in Germany. At the same time, we cannot overlook the fact that they were interested in social gospel.They pilloried classical economics and aspired for the creation of a "cooperative society" as a new society to replace noninterference. There, as well as regulations by nations, it was deemed essential for common people to exercise proper independence. Consequently, the cultivation of intelligence of the general public becomes an imperative. They found the method for that in the British university extension. In other words, the early university extension movement was nothing but the measure to aim at the establishment of a "cooperative society" and to provide common people with higher education.