Hidden multipolar orderings explored by nuclear specific heat measurements

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An experimental method has been established to determine easily and accurately whether the order parameter includes the f-electron multipoles in low temperature ordered states in rare-earth compounds by nuclear specific heat measurements. Using this method, various ordered phases in rare earth compounds including filled skutterudites have been explored. In PrRu_4P_<12>, we have found a quite rare state where "4f-electron-nuclear hyperfine-coupled multiplets" (formed by the hyperfine interaction between the 4f electron magnetic moment and the nuclear spin in a Pr ion) forming a lattice in the crystal lattice. This is the first thermodynamical observation of its kind.