Laboratory behavioral-observations and experiments on reproductive tactics of cooperative breeding fishes

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Our laboratory experiments suggested following reproductive strategic behaviors in the cooperatively polyandrous cichlid fish J.transcriptus : (1) females conducted pseudo-spawning during trio-spawning with two males much more frequently than monogamous spawning, (2) males will recognize the degree of paternity depending on the numbers of ejaculations, and decide the degree of parental care, and (3) females likely recognize how males recognize the paternity in each spawning via the frequency of spawning and pseudo-spawning. Our experiments also show that this fish will conduct transitive inference. Our results suggest the possibility of evolution of 'Macaberian intelligence' in fish.