Study on coevolution of primates and their pinworms by DNA sequence analysis-From prosimians to humans-

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Various pinworms were collected from humans, wild and captive primates over the world. They were identified morphologically, and 18S rDNA and mtDNA Cox1 gene were sequenced. Neighbor-joining analysis based on these molecules could not depict phylogenetic tree congruent with the splitting order for prosimians and the New-World primates. However, the order of divergence the Old-world primates is congruent with that of host primates, supporting coevolution hypothesis. Three types were present in human pinworms: Type A is parasitic in Asian people; Type B in East Africans and Europeans, and also Brazilians residing in Japan; Type C has been collected from captive chimpanzees only, but is supposed to be parasitic in east African people. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Type C split first, B and A were then diverged. It is surmised that these types were formed with dispersal of modern humans.