Quantitative reanalysis of multitrait-multimethod studies

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To better conceptualize the construct in language testing, we reanalyzed and quantitatively synthesized previous multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) studies. We specifically searched for models most likely to fit the data well in L1 and L2 literature to investigate the preferred approach for defining the construct and the structure of language ability that is most supported. We reanalyzed 44 data sources from 36 studies using confirmatory factor analysis. The most empirically supported models for defining the construct were the trait-and-method models across L1 and L2, suggesting the necessity to include trait and method when defining the construct. Additionally, the most frequently occurring ability structure was higher-order in L1, and it was variable (unitary, correlated, or higher-order) in L2. These results were related to some moderator variables.