Mechanisms determining the relationships between facilitation and biological invasion

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Although facilitation that is one of the mechanisms of multi-species coexistence becomes remarkable with developing litter and microtopography, the ecosystem recovery delays when facilitation promotes biological invasion. To clarify the mechanisms, therefore, comparative experiments were conducted in the two fields where native or biologically-invasive species establish. The species attributes are closely related with the development of litter that was regulated by climate. I concluded that the establishment off species was determined more by litter development than light, soil and microtopography.