Study on the social evolution in hover wasps (Stenogastrinae) from phylogenetic and biogeographical points of view

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Based on the opitimization of nest structure and social behavioral characters on cladograms of hover wasps (Steogastrinae) resulted from cladistic analyses using phenotypic (adult and larval morpholgy, and nest structure) characters and DNA sequence data, the followings were suggested.(1) Use of plant material for nest construction is ancetral and use of mad in nest construction observed in Liostenogaster has been secondarily derived.(2) As anti-ant defense systems, the construction of cap-like obstacle(s) near the base of a nest is thought to be ancetral, and use of sticky secretion found in Parischnogaster and construction of an envelope in Eustenogaster are assumed to be independetly derived.(3) Along with the construction of an unexpandable nest envelope, colony life lacking helpers was secondarily derived in Eustenogaster.