Effect of ocean acidification due to increasing seawater CO_2 concentration on early development and growth of fishes

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Two species of clownfish (Amphiprion clarkii and A. ocellaris) and a minnow (Oryzias javanicus) was used in this project to investigate effects of elevated CO2 and temperature rise on early development (A. clarkii and A. ocellaris) and effects of long-term exposure to elevated CO_2 on growth and reproduction (O. javanicus). Embryos of both clownfish species developed normally under 1000 ppm CO_2 conditions. Rearing at elevated temperature (31, 32℃ vs 29℃) resulted in significantly lower survival and enhanced deformity in A. clarkii, although these negative effects were not observed in A. ocellaris. Long-term exposure of O. javanicus to 1000 ppm CO_2 did not exert any significant negative impacts on all parameters studied (survival, growth, oxygen uptake rate, acid excretion rate, fecundity, and the size of just hatched larvae).