Internal and External Relations of Artist Workshops: Aspects of Leaning, Collaboration, and Emulation

在前现代，作坊是艺术教育和生产的基本机构。这些工作室由一位艺术大师经营，周围是学徒和助手，他们遵循他的指示，帮助他制作艺术品。本研究探讨了欧洲和日本各种讲习班的特点。它也揭示了工作室的外部关系，例如他们与曾经属于他们的独立艺术家的关系，不同工作室之间的合作等等。

In pre-modern times, workshops were basic institutions for art education and production. The workshops were operated by a master artist surrounded by apprentices and assistants who followed his instructions and helped him make artworks. This research examines the characteristics of various workshops in Europe and Japan. It also sheds light on workshops' external relations, such as their relationships with independent artists once belonging to them, collaboration between different workshops, and so on.