Dynamics of fluid boiling in hydrothermal system and formation of mineral deposits

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Vapor/liquid partitioning coefficients for heavy metals were experimentally determined in order to understand the process of metal transport in vapor and precipitation to form mineral deposits. Volatile metals such as copper selectively partitioned into vapor under the presence of reduced sulfur species. Oxygen, hydrogen and sulfur isotopic compositions for ore and gangue minerals clarify origin of ore-forming fluids. Porphyry type deposits are formed from ore-forming fluid of magmatic origin, and metamorphic water is important for the formation of orogenic-type gold deposits. Both magmatic and meteoric waters are responsible for epithermal deposits.