Molecular mechanisms of import to nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplast, and UVB resistance in rice.

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Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD)photolyase is major pathway for repairing CPD in plant, and CPD photolyase is a crucial factor for determining UVB sensitivity in plants. We found that CPD photolyase, which is encoded by a single-copy gene in the nuclear genome, is expressed and targeted not only to nuclei but also to mitochondria and chloroplasts. To clarify the molecular mechanisms of import to each organelle in rice, the subcellular localization analyses were performed. We found that the amino acids residues from 391 to 401 and from 487 to 489 are functional targeting signal for transport into mitochondria and nuclei, respectively. The results indicate that rice may have evolved a CPD photolyase that functions in all three organelles that contain DNA to protect cells from the harmful effects of UVB radiation.