Formation of Soft Materials Based on Charge-by-Charge Assemblies Consisting of π-Conjugated Molecules

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Macromolecular systems comprising charged π-conjugated components are fascinating due to the formation of stimuli-responsive electronic and optical materials. In order to fabricate ion-based materials, it is essential to design and synthesize the appropriate building molecules, which have efficient binding sites for charged species. Among π-conjugated anion receptors, boron complexes of 1,3-dipyrrolyl-1,3-propanediones have been found to be useful building units of assemblies, such as anion-responsive crystals, supramolecular gels, and liquid crystals, and of covalently linked receptor oligomers that exhibit anion-driven folding behaviors. The fairly planar and emissive pyrrole-based anion-responsive molecules provided new properties and concepts such as charge-by-charge assembly, consisting of alternately stacking anions (receptor-anion complexes) and cations, on the basis of the interactions worked in the charged species.