Morphological evolution of parasitic lice parasitizing sika deer

(1)利用线粒体COI基因部分序列分析了梅花鹿和梅花鹿虱子的亲缘关系。梅花鹿被鉴定为三个谱系(大陆、北部和南部支系)，而鹿虱则被鉴定为两个谱系(大陆、九州南部和其他)；(2)拓扑同余分析表明，鹿和虱子之间没有显著的共分化模式。目前的分析只使用了母系遗传基因标记，因此雄鹿介导的虱子传播被认为是不一致的主要来源；(3)虱子不太可能在远离宿主的地方远距离传播。在这种情况下，虱子种群遗传树可以很好地指示寄主隐藏的种群结构；(4)形态计量学分析表明，鹿虱形态的微进化变化是沿着系统发育线积累的。与那些预期在功能上更显着的字符相比，中性字符似乎构成了更大比例的变异。这表明，中性特征的随机漂移在鹿虱形态的微进化中起着重要作用

(1) Genealogies of sika deer and sika deer lice were estimated using partial sequence of mitochondrial COI gene. Three lineages were identified for sika deer(Continental, Northern and Southern clades) whereas two lineages were identified for deer lice(Continent+southern Kyushu and others);(2) analyses of topological congruence revealed that there is no significant pattern of codivergence between deer and lice. The present analyses only used the maternally inherited gene marker so that male-deer mediated lice dispersal is considered to be the main source of the incongruence ;(3) long distance dispersal of lice apart from their host is quite unlikely. In such case, louse population genetic tree can be good indicators of hidden population structure in their host ;(4) using morphometric analyses, microevolutionary changes in deer lice morphology is shown to accumulate along phylogenetic lines. The neutral characters appeared to comprise a larger fraction of the variation compared to those expected to be more functionally significant. This suggests that random drift of more neutral characters plays a major role in the microevolution of morphology of deer lice