Relationship between the natural environment and human impact extracted from terrestrial layered carbonates, speleothems and tufa deposi

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Past environmental information has been extracted from terrestrial laminated carbonates such as speleothems in caves and tufa deposits on karst surface stream beds in limestone areas of Iwate, Fukushima, Yamaguchi, Fukuoka, Nagasaki, Kagoshima and Okinawa as follows: i) The historical anthropogenic vegetation change from forest to grassland and/or fields was recorded everywhere in Japan. ii) It is clarified that long-range transport of acid depositions from the AsianContinent has been clearly observed in the stalagmites and tufa deposits. In the eastern area of Akiyoshi-dai Plateau, the possibility of reduction of the biomass by acid rain or leaching of the magnesium ions from the soil was suggested, mainly due to the smelting of copper ores from the sulfidezone. iii) The effects of large scale tunamis wereexamined with respect to the stalagmites from Iwate and Ishigakijima Is. iv) The records were in good agreement with those partially extracted from ancient documents, ancient picture maps and topographical maps. v) Lectures on the historical recordson Akiyoshi-dai Plateau were held in Mine City, Yamaguchi, in March, 2013.