Contract and Voucher in Public Service Delivery; Institutional Design and Rule Making

在这项研究中，在考虑了日本提供公共服务的可能方法--合同、指定管理人制度和凭证(准市场)--以及公共行政部门直接提供公共服务之外，澄清了提供高效和高质量公共服务的现状和问题。此外，还查明了被视为重要公共服务提供者之一的第三部门组织的现状和面临的挑战，指出的问题包括：消除竞争的唯一来源合同仍然经常用于订约和指定管理人制度，市场准入仅限于凭单制度中的特定司法人员。我们建议对这些问题采取可能的解决办法，例如采用基于业绩的订约，以确保对公共资金的使用实行问责，同时保护私营组织在订约和指定管理人制度方面的自主权。在可能的领域，应该引入代金券制度，允许用户选择和不同服务提供商之间的竞争。除了改进上述的制度设计外，还需要建立某些规则的结构，例如签订一项类似英国《契约》的协议，该协议以君子协定为基础，列出政府和志愿机构应遵循的操作规则。建立计算项目全部成本的方法，包括间接费用，是另一种方法。

In this research, the current situation and the issues in providing efficient and quality public services were clarified, having considered the possible methods of public service delivery in Japan: by means of contract, the designated manager system and voucher (quasi-market), in addition to direct delivery by Public Administration. Moreover, the present state and the challenges faced by third sector organizations, which are viewed as one of significant providers of public services, were also identified.The problems that were indicated included: that sole source contracts where competition is eliminated remain frequently employed in contracting and in the designated manager system, and that market entry is restricted to specific judicial personalities in the voucher system. We suggest possible solutions to these problems such as introducing performance-based contracting to ensure accountability for the use of public funds, while protecting autonomy of private organizations at the same time, in the cases of contracting and the designated manager system. In the fields where possible, a voucher system should be introduced to allow user choice and competition among diverse service providers.In addition to improving the institutional designs as above, structuring of certain rules is also required, such as concluding an agreement similar to Compact in the UK, which sets out rules of operation to be followed by both the Government and the voluntary sector based on a gentlemen’s agreement. Establishing a method of calculating the full costs of projects, including the overhead costs, is another.