The quantitative, historical, and comparative analysis on pension systems for de-destitution.

由于老龄化社会日益严重，包括日本在内的许多国家都通过政治程序对公共养老金进行了改革。虽然一些国家通过引入最低养恤金来防止领取养恤金的人陷入贫困，但日本没有实现领取养恤金的人的赤贫，因为基本养恤金的福利水平很低，而且对投保人征收了累进的统一费率保费。一种新的政策理念在改革过程中发挥了重要作用。2004年日本养老金改革引入了特殊的新理念：“保险费水平固定法”和“微观经济滑动公式”。由于新想法在改革者中并不常见，改革法案最终在国会获得通过。

Many countries, including Japan, have reformed public pensionthrough political process because of growing aging society. Albeit some countries hadprevented pensioner from falling into destitution by introducing minimum pensions,de-destitution on pensioners has not been attained in Japan because the benefit levels ofBasic Pension have been so low and the regressive flat rate premium has been imposed onthe insured. A new policy idea has been playing an important role in the reform process.The 2004 pension reform in Japan introduced the special new ideas: “insurance premiumlevel fixation method” and “micro-economic slide formula”. As the new ideas were held incommon among reformers, the reform bill finally passed the Diet.