Phytochrome-mediated growth phase transition in land plants

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Plants regulate their growth phase transition in response to light environment such as day-length and light qualities. We focused on a red/far-red receptor, phytochrome, as a key regulator of growth phase transition, and investigated the phytochrome-mediated signaling mechanism in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. We showed that phytochrome is translocated to nucleus in response to light. A series of transgenic approaches suggested that phytochrome regulates gene expression via a homologue of transcription factor, PHYTOCHROME INERACTING FACTOR(PIF). Our results also implied that the active-form phytochrome up-regulated the expression cyclin D, a core regulator of cell cycle progression. Taken together, phytochrome in Marchantia could regulate the growth phase transition by regulating, possibly via PIF, the nuclear gene expression of cell cycle gene such as cyclin D.